Chapter 10 Flashcards
(36 cards)
Edward Jones and colleagues (1984) have identified five dimensions that are particularly helpful in differentiating between harmful and benign stigmas:
course, concealability, aesthetic qualities, origin, and danger.
Contrast refers to
the polarization or exaggeration of differences between the token and the dominant group.
Assimilation occurs when
the token’s personal characteristics are distorted to be in line with expectations based on the stereotypes of that person’s group.
Men in female-dominated professions may also find themselves on the fast track to promotion (Williams, 1992; Woodhams et al., 2015), an outcome called
the glass escalator effect.
discrim effects on health pg 443 chart
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There are three reasons it is important to consider how racist events can lead to trauma.
First, evidence supports the idea that knowledge of a discriminatory attack on a person who shares one’s identity—for example, someone of the same race, religion, or sexual orientation—is sufficient to produce a trauma response, even in people who do not directly experience the traumatic event. Second, viewing a racist incident online or through social media also may result in a trauma response for members of the victim’s group, even if they do not personally know the people in the videos. Finally, the trauma associated with racist attacks can be ongoing and repeated.
Similar to the secondary victimization from hate crimes described in Chapter 9, these findings suggest that witnessing violence against a member of one’s group produces a
spillover effect that extends to the mental health of one’s community at large
One of the things stigmatized group members have to deal with is
their knowledge of the stereotypic beliefs other people have about their group.
Stereotype threat occurs when
members of a stigmatized group find themselves in a situation where negative stereotypes provide a possible framework for interpreting their behavior, the risk of being judged in light of those stereotypes can elicit a disruptive state that undermines performance and aspirations in that domain.
Belief-based interventions involve
changing one’s beliefs about the negative stereotype.
We begin by exploring a paradox: People often recognize discrimination against their group, but don’t believe
it has happened to them.
Crosby’s (1984) surprising finding has led to a great deal of research on what is now known as the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)—
people’s belief that their group, as a whole, is more likely to be discriminated against than they, themselves, are as individuals
To decide to confront the prejudiced act, people must:
-recognize the behavior as prejudiced
-perceive it as an emergency that requires an immediate response
-feel a sense of personal responsibility for intervening
-decide on a course of action
-see the benefits of confronting as outweighing the costs (p. 30)
stype lift
But research also suggests that this same information can provide a performance boost, or stereotype lift, for members of nonstereotyped groups (Walton & Cohen, 2003). This lift occurs when members of nonstereotyped groups engage in downward social comparisons; that is, when they evaluate their abilities by comparing themselves to others who perform worse than they do (
Crosby’s (1984) surprising finding has led to a great deal of research on what is now known as the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)—
people’s belief that their group, as a whole, is more likely to be discriminated against than they, themselves, are as individuals
To decide to confront the prejudiced act, people must:
recognize the behavior as prejudiced
perceive it as an emergency that requires an immediate response
feel a sense of personal responsibility for intervening
decide on a course of action
see the benefits of confronting as outweighing the costs (p. 30)
One coping strategy employed by stigmatized group members is psychological disengagement,
“a defensive detachment of self-esteem from outcomes in a particular domain, such that feelings of self-worth are not dependent on successes or failures in that domain”
One way to manage this is through disidentification;
that is, by devaluing the domain (Schmader et al., 2001; Steele, 2010). When people disidentify with a domain, they redefine their self-concept to exclude that aspect from their self-image.
One such strategy, behavioral compensation,
concerns how people behave when they expect to encounter discrimination. In such situations, people may try to counteract potential discrimination by changing their behavior in ways that disconfirm the stereotype
carol miller study pg 470
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This chapter examined the experience of people who are stigmatized group members—
people who are not members of the dominant or privileged group, who are thus deemed to be different from the dominant group. Individuals can experience prejudice as a result of their stigmatized status in terms of race, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, ability, appearance, socioeconomic status, religion, or immigration status.
Five factors influence whether a stigma is benign or harmful:
course (the amount of time a stigma lasts, e.g., temporary versus permanent), concealability (whether a stigma can be hidden or is always apparent to others), aesthetic qualities (whether the stigma is related to physical attractiveness), origin (the cause of the stigma and whether it was under the control of the person or it was something that simply happened to them), and danger (whether the stigmatized group member is considered dangerous to others).
Stigmas can be acquired by association:
People associate negative characteristics with dominant group members who socialize with or support stigmatized others.
tokens
are individuals whose characteristics make them minorities in the context of a larger group; tokens stand out from the group because of the perceptual tendencies of visibility, contrast, and assimilation. Tokenism and the chilly climate that often accompanies it can have negative effects on the individuals who experience them.