Chapter 10&16

Question 1

conservative

Answer 1

those who believe in following tradition and having reverence for authority. They argue that government should do less and thus allow people more freedom.

Question 2

liberal

Answer 2

being open to allowing the government to flexibly expand beyond established constraints

Question 3

political culture

Answer 3

set of attitudes that shape political behavior, which are: individualism, equal opportunity, free enterprise, and rule of law

Question 4

individualism

Answer 4

belief in the fundamental worth and importance of the individual

Question 5

equal opportunity

Answer 5

The condition in which people, although not guaranteed equal rewards, expect to have comparable chances to compete for those rewards

Question 6

free enterprise

Answer 6

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Question 7

rule of law

Answer 7

the principle of government that establishes laws that apply equally to all members of society and prevents the rule and whims of leaders who see themselves as above the law

Question 8

limited government

Answer 8

government kept under control by laws, checks and balances, and separation of powers.

Question 9

ideology

Answer 9

comprehensive and mutually consistent set of ideas

Question 10

valence issue

Answer 10

concerns or policies that are viewed the same by people with a variety of ideologies

Question 11

wedge issues

Answer 11

Concerns or policies that sharply divide the public

Question 12

saliency

Answer 12

Degree to which issue is important to a particular individual or group

Question 13

moderate

Answer 13

someone whose political ideology occupies a center position on the left-right political spectrum

Question 14

Libertarian

Answer 14

One who believes in limited government interference in personal and economic liberties

Question 15

Populists

Answer 15

a member or adherent of a political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people.

Question 16

Progressives

Answer 16

Favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, especially in political matters.

Question 17

political socialization

Answer 17

the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions

Question 18

party identification

Answer 18

a citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other

Question 19

lifecycle effects

Answer 19

shows that as people become middle-aged, they become more politically conservative, less mobile, and more likely to participate in politics

Question 20

benchmark polls

Answer 20

first poll on a candidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared

Question 21

tracking polls

Answer 21

ongoing series of surveys that follow changes in public opinion over time

Question 22

entrance/exit polls

Answer 22

surveys conducted outside a polling place on Election Day to predict the outcome of the election later in the news day, to gain insight into the thoughts and behaviors of voters, or identify and analyze how different voting demographic actually voted

Question 23

focus groups

Answer 23

a small group of voters chosen by a political campaign for their demographic similarities who are brought together to gauge how the group they represent feels about the candidate.

Question 24

approval ratings

Answer 24

a measurement of how popular, or unpopular, a leader, government action or program is among the public.

Question 25

bandwagon effect

Answer 25

a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner

Question 26

Associated Press (AP)

Answer 26

Newspaper publishers from around the nation formed this to promote cooperative news gathering by wire, standardized unbiased reporting

Question 26

bandwagon effect

Answer 26

a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner

Question 27

sound bites

Answer 27

short excerpts edited from longer remark that are especially vivid in presenting an issue, can have drastically different different effects on the public depending on how they are worded

Question 28

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Answer 28

allows the public to gain access to nonclassified federal documents, this law has helped journalists uncover information that was otherwise not released

Question 29

C-SPAN

Answer 29

The cable network that provides gavel-to-gavel coverage of congressional floor proceedings, committee hearings, and special events.

Question 30

political analysis

Answer 30

form of journalistic expression that explores and provides, with the help of experts, opinions on a topic in depth, valuable as a way to educate news consumers on likely causes, effects, and implications of proposed legislation, court rulings, or budget proposals

Question 30

press conference

Answer 30

meetings of public officials with reporters

Question 31

editorials

Answer 31

a newspaper article written by or on behalf of an editor that gives an opinion on a topical issue.

Question 32

commentary

Answer 32

meaning opinion and interpretation rather than "just-the-facts" reporting

Question 33

scorekeeper

Answer 33

media's role of keeping track of political successes and failures

Question 34

horse-race journalism

Answer 34

news coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on the issues

Question 35

watchdog

Answer 35

media's role in exposing scandal and investigating candidates

Question 36

gatekeeper

Answer 36

media's role in determining what is newsworthy and therefore deciding what information the public will receive

Question 37

narrowcasting

Answer 37

targeting media programming at specific populations within society

Question 38

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Answer 38

regulates electronic media, and has the authority over the content of radio, television, wire, amd satellite broadcasters

Question 38

Fairness Doctrine

Answer 38

A principle that formerly obligated broadcasters to present both sides of an issue

Question 39

mainstream media

Answer 39

collection of traditional news organizations, still operates an objective news model

Question 40

confirmation bias

Answer 40

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 41

consumer-driven media

Answer 41

media whose content is influenced by the actions and needs of consumers