Chapter 10

Question 0

myel/o

Answer 0

spinal cord, bone marrow

Question 1

cerebr/o, encephal/o

Answer 1

brain, cerebrum

Question 2

neur/i, neur/o

Answer 2

nerves, nerve tissue

Question 3

caus/o

Answer 3

burning, burn

Question 4

concuss/o

Answer 4

shaken together, violently agitated

Question 5

contus/o

Answer 5

bruise

Question 6

-esthesia

Answer 6

sensation, feeling

Question 7

esthet/o

Answer 7

feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception

Question 8

-graphy

Answer 8

the process of producing a picture or record

Question 9

mening/o

Answer 9

membranes, meninges

Question 10

phobia

Answer 10

abnormal fear

Question 11

psych/o

Answer 11

mind

Question 12

radicul/o

Answer 12

root or nerve root

Question 13

tropic

Answer 13

having an affinity for

Question 14

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 14

includes the brain and spinal cord; functions are to receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity

Question 15

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 15

includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves; the function of PNS is to transmit nerve signals to and from the CNS

Question 16

ganglion

Answer 16

a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS. the term also describes a benign, tumor-like cyst

Question 17

plexus

Answer 17

a network of intersecting spinal nerves; the term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels

Question 18

terminal end fibers

Answer 18

branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulses from the axon to the synapse

Question 19

acetylcholine

Answer 19

influences muscle action; is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions

Question 20

dopamine

Answer 20

released within the brain; believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease

Question 21

endorphins

Answer 21

naturally occurring substances produced by the brain to help relieve pain

Question 22

norepinephrine

Answer 22

affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, releasing stores of glucose in response to stress; a hormone released by the adrenal gland as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response

Question 23

serotonin

Answer 23

released by brain; has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition; has been linked to mood disorders

Question 24

glial cells

Answer 24

provide support and protection for neurons; main functions are 1. surround neurons and hold them in place; 2. supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons; 3. insulate one neuron from another; 4. destroy and remove dead neurons

Question 25

myelin sheath

Answer 25

protective covering made up glial cells; white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves; portion of of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as the gray matter

Question 26

the meninges

Answer 26

system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord; there are 3 layers of connective tissues; dura (hard) mater, arachnoid membrane and pia (tender or delicate) mater; dura mater - lining of inner surface of the cranium; the space between the walls of vertebral column and dura mater = epidural space; in both skull and vertebral column, the space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane = subdural space arachnoid membrane - second layer of the meninges; the space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater = subarachnoid space pia mater - located nearest to the brain and spinal cord; richly supplied with blood vessels

Question 27

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 27

spinal fluid; produced by special capillaries within the 4 ventricles in the middle of cerebrum; a clear, colorless and watery fluid whose functions are; cool and cushion the brain and SC from shock or injury; nourish them with nutrients and chemical messengers

Question 28

cerebrum

Answer 28

largest and uppermost portion of brain; responsible for all thought, judgement, memory and emotion as well as controlling and integrating motor and sensory function cerebral cortex - made up of gray matter is the outer layer of cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds (gyri/gyrus) and deep fissures (sulci)

Question 29

cerebral hemisphere

Answer 29

cerebrum - divided to create 2 hemisphere connected by corpus callosum left cerebral hemisphere - controls majority of functions on the right side of the body; right cerebral hemisphere - controls most of the functions of the left side of body the crossing of nerves fibers make this possible and the crossing is in the brainstem

Question 30

thalamus

Answer 30

located below the cerebrum; relays sensory stimuli from SC and midbrain to the cerebral cortex; it suppresses some stimuli and magnifies others

Question 31

hypothalamus

Answer 31

located below thalamus; controls vital bodily functions which include; ANS including controlling heart rate, bp, respiratory rate and digestive tract activity; emotional responses such as fear and pleasure; regulates body temperature; food intake by controlling hunger sensation; water balance by controlling thirst sensations; sleep-wakefulness cycles; pituitary gland and endocrine system activity

Question 32

cerebellum

Answer 32

located lower back of cranium below the cerebrum; coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

Question 33

brainstem

Answer 33

located in the base of the brain connecting the brain and SC and consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata; controls functions necessary for survival such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, bp and for arousal - being awake and alert

Question 34

cerebral lobes

Answer 34

frontal lobe - controls skilled motor functions, memory and behaviour

Question 35

parietal lobe

Answer 35

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin and muscles

Question 36

occipital lobe

Answer 36

control eyesight

Question 37

temporal lobe

Answer 37

controls senses of hearing, smell and the ability to create, store and access new information

Question 38

midbrain and pons

Answer 38

a link to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain; controls reflexes for movements of eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 39

medulla oblongata

Answer 39

located at the lowest part of brainstem connected to SC; controls functions necessary for survival including muscles responsible for respiration, heart rate, bp as well as reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting

Question 40

PNS

Answer 40

autonomic nerve fibers - carry instructions to the organs and glands from ANS sensory nerve fibers - receive external stimuli, such as how something feels and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted

Question 41

somatic nerve fibers

Answer 41

also known as motor nerve fibres - convey information that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements.