Chapter 10 Flashcards
Atlantic Canada (53 cards)
Why is Atlantic Canada not considered a homogenous region?
What are the primary reasons Atlantic Canada has experienced weak economic performance?
- A small and dispersed population limits prospects for internal economic growth.
- Distance from national markets stifles its manufacturing base.
- Fractured geography and four distinct political jurisdictions discourage an integrated economy.
- The natural resource base is restricted and some resources, such as cod, coal, and timber, have lost their importance.
What are several ways Atlantic Canada could overcome their poor economic performance?
- the population growth in urban centres continues;
- the knowledge-based economy is expanding;
- key industrial sectors are on more solid ground;
- before the covid-19 pandemic struck in 2020, tourism had been growing.
Explain what an outport is?
An outport is any port considered secondary to a main port (including a provincial one as opposed to a capital one), and often (especially) a small port built to support the commercial operations of a large port.
Describe the Appalachian Upland region and how is it different from Labrador?
The Appalachian Uplands are located in the Maritimes and the island of Newfoundland, while the Canadian Shield lies in Labrador. In terms of geologic time, the Appalachian Uplands are the worn-down remnants of an ancient mountain chain. Formed in the Paleozoic era, the Appalachian Mountains have been subjected to erosional forces for some 500 million years. Rugged and Hilly.
What are two environmental issues faced by Atlantic Canada?
One was the hazardous waste site on Cape Breton Island known as the Sydney Tar Ponds, where pollutants from the coke ovens of a Sydney steel mill had been dumped for many years. Two other environmental concerns are hydroelectric projects and their effect on traditional lands and possible mercury poisoning of fish and wildlife, and the collapse of the cod fishery.
Who were the Acadians and describe what occured to them prior to the 7 year war?
Under the terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, France surrendered Acadia to the British. However, many French-speaking settlers, the Acadians, remained in this newly won British territory, which was renamed Nova Scotia. During the previous century, the Acadians had established a strong presence in the Maritimes with settlements and forts. Most Acadians lived in the Annapolis Valley, near the Bay of Fundy coast, tilling the soil; others farmed on Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island). Until the mid-1700s, Britain made little effort to colonize these lands, leaving the Acadians alone in this British-held territory
When was the 7 year war?
1756
What provinces joined the confederation?
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick formed the Dominion of Canada on July 1 1867
When did Newfoundland join the confederation and why?
1949; Canada promised financial help to build roads and services, and a railroad to transport goods and people. Newfoundland also provided Canada with substantial fisheries, forests, mineral, and hydroelectric resource
Describe the pattern of immigration (nationality of immigrants) that first settle Atlantic Canada.
French Settlement - from the early 1600s, the French were among the first Europeans to settle in what is now Atlantic Canada, particularly in Acadia (modern-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island).
British Settlement -Starting in the late 1600s and into the 1700s, the British began to assert their control over parts of Atlantic Canada. English settlers, many from the British Isles, began to arrive, especially after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ceded Nova Scotia to Britain. This increased British influence and led to the migration of English, Scottish, and Irish settlers to the region.
How did the pattern of immigration in Atlantic Canada change after the 7 years war?
After the Seven Years’ War (known in North America as the French and Indian War), the dynamics of settlement in Atlantic Canada changed dramatically due to the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war resulted in the British victory, leading to significant shifts in the population and political control of the region. Before the Seven Years’ War, Atlantic Canada was predominantly settled by French and British colonists, with smaller groups of Portuguese and other Europeans. After the war, the British emerged as the dominant power in the region, with the expulsion of Acadians, the arrival of more British settlers, and the increase in Irish and Loyalist immigration. This shift significantly changed the cultural and demographic landscape of Atlantic Canada.
Describe the similarities and differences between the nationalities of immigrants in Atlantic Canada and those of Quebec and Ontario.
While Atlantic Canada, Quebec, and Ontario all shared early immigration patterns dominated by European settlers, they diverged significantly in the cultural and linguistic composition of their populations. Quebec retained a unique French-speaking identity due to its early French settlement and its post-British conquest retention of a French populace. Ontario became increasingly diverse after the 19th century due to waves of immigration from various European countries. Atlantic Canada, on the other hand, saw a more homogeneous settlement pattern dominated by the British, with fewer large waves of non-British immigrants until the 20th century.
Was this considered first wave immigration?
Yes, the early immigration to Canada, particularly from Europe (French, British, Irish, and other Europeans) before the late 19th century, is often considered part of the first wave of immigration.
Describe the factors that lead to Atlantic Canada’s “Historic Head Start” and what was being exported and how this changed.
Early settlement by European powers—primarily French and British. These colonies were established as trading posts, with a focus on fishing, fur trading, and shipbuilding. The early settlers capitalized on the abundant natural resources in the region, especially the cod fishery in Newfoundland, which provided significant export opportunities. Nova Scotia was also a key hub for the fur trade, connecting European markets with Indigenous trading networks.
What Provinces joined the confederation?
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. (July 1st 1867)
When did PEI join the confederation?
1873, joined after being promised compensation for the loss of land that would be used for the intercolonial railway.
When did Newfoundland join the confederation and why?
Newfoundland was the last province to join, March 31st 1949. This followed a referendum held in 1948. Reasons for joining; Economic struggles, political deadlock (There was a political crisis in Newfoundland after a failed attempt to form a new government. In 1934, Newfoundland had opted to suspend its self-government and accept direct rule from Britain. This led to a long period of political instability, and by the 1940s, many in Newfoundland felt that joining Canada would provide more security and opportunities for economic development.). The canadian government offered economic incentives to Newfoundland, a share of federal resources and the extension of Canada’s social programs.
Was Confederation a good deal for the Atlantic Provinces?
For the Maritime Provinces, Confeds a mixed deal. While it provided immediate economic relief, infrastructure development, and political security, it also resulted in a loss of autonomy and created long-term economic dependencies. The Atlantic Provinces initially benefitted from Confederation but, over time, became increasingly overshadowed by the more industrialized and populous regions of central and western Canada.
For Newfoundland, joining Confederation was driven by economic necessity and the promise of federal support, but the province’s economic struggles continued for decades afterward.
How did the confederation affect Atlantic Canada’s manufacturers?
Gave access to New Markets, with the establishment of a single economic union, able to sell goods across the country. The promise of a national railway (Intercolonial Railway), increased competition from Central Canada, Economic dependence on central Canada.
What policy of the Federal Government contributed to the confederation affecting Atlantic Canada’s manufacturers? What were the terms of this policy? Who benefitted from this policy the most?
National Policy,
Protective Tariffs: high tariffs were imposed on imported goods to protect Canadian industries from foreign competition.
Railway Development: The government promoted the construction of a national railway system, including the Transcontinental Railway to connect all parts of Canada.
Settlement of the West: The policy aimed to attract settlers to Western Canada, particularly to the prairie provinces, to develop agricultural and resource-based industries.
Ontario and Quebec
What was the effect of increased competition on Maritime manufacturers?
Maritime manufacturers struggled to compete with the larger factories in Ontario and Quebec that were better capitalized and could produce goods at a larger scale and lower cost. This contributed to a decline in manufacturing in the Maritimes, as many industries found it increasingly difficult to remain profitable and competitive.Many businesses in the Maritimes were centered around resource extraction, such as shipbuilding, textiles, and food production, which made them more vulnerable to the changing economic climate brought on by Confederation and the National Policy. The Maritimes were not as well-positioned to benefit from the expanding railway network and industrial growth that characterized Ontario and Quebec.
As a result, the Maritime Provinces increasingly became dependent on raw materials (such as timber and coal) rather than developing a diversified, industrial base like Ontario. This shift meant that manufacturing became less viable as an economic sector in the region, with declining industries and an increasing focus on resource extraction.
What transportation line was built in 1876 and why?
Intercolonial Railway; was completed as a part of Canada’s broader effort to build a national railway system to connect the provinces, particularly between Quebec and the Maritimes.
Unify the provinces, and strengthen the federation as it was used as part of the deal to persuade Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to join Canada. Economic Integration.
When was the intercolonial railway completed?
1876
