Chapter 10

Question 1

What is a major reason that countries resist removing subsidies for environmentally harmful forestry practices?

Answer 1

Prices may increase.

Question 2

We can all help sustain terrestrial biodiversity through various measures. Which of the following methods is least effective in sustaining biodiversity?

Answer 2

Eliminate local plants from your household garden.

Question 3

Overgrazing can be a problem because it causes grasses to be damaged or killed.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Protected areas linking isolated reserves is a design called ____.

Answer 4

habitat corridors

Question 5

If you were managing a preserve and needed to implement a plan to reduce the risk that people would be harmed by forest fires, what would be the best step to take?

Answer 5

Set small, contained surface fires in highest-risk forest areas.

Question 6

In rotational grazing, small groups of grazers are confined to one area for a few days and then moved to a new location to protect the land.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Areas especially rich in plant species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction are called ____.

Answer 7

biodiversity hotspots

Question 8

To study ways to prevent tropical deforestation, it is important to consider how international demand for palm oil has contributed to severe deforestation in ____.

Answer 8

Indonesia

Question 9

Baobab and sequoia trees are found in old-growth forests.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Rehabilitation means turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore it to its original condition.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

With only 2% of its forests remaining, which of the following countries has gone from tropical paradise to ecological disaster?

Answer 11

Haiti

Question 12

Tropical forests in the Amazon basin and other South American countries are primarily being cleared or burned for ____.

Answer 12

cattle grazing and soybean plantations

Question 13

The area along streams on which ranchers like to graze their cattle is called the ____.

Answer 13

riparian zone

Question 14

Michael Rosenzweig suggests we need to learn how to share with other species the spaces we dominate. He calls this new form of conservation biology ____.

Answer 14

reconciliation ecology

Question 15

Forests provide habitats for about ____ of the earth’s terrestrial species.

Answer 15

Two-thirds

Question 16

To reduce the risk of overgrazing, it is especially important to pay attention to ____.

Answer 16

riparian zones

Question 17

Because large natural areas are more beneficial than smaller ones, Costa Rica has created large megareserves by combining smaller protected areas.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Primary forest is uncut or regrown forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least 200 years.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Unfenced grasslands in tropical and temperate climates that supply forage for grazing animals are called ____.

Answer 19

rangeland

Question 20

Which of the following is a method of grassland restoration?

Answer 20

rotational grazing

Question 21

To produce paper without needing to cut down trees, you could change your source to ____.

Answer 21

hemp

Question 22

Tropical forests affect their environment by ____.

Answer 22

releasing moisture that contributes to rainfall

Question 23

Four of the five listed outcomes are problems in National Parks. Choose the one that is the exception.

Answer 23

Agricultural runoff

Question 24

Parks can be affected by surrounding disruption, such as noise.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Patterns of fire are changing due to climate change and human suppression of surface fires.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Forest fires are not a major threat to forest ecosystems as part of a natural cycle.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Forests covering approximately 30% of the U.S. land area supply about two-thirds of the nation’s surface water.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Riparian zones are at particularly high risk for overgrazing.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

One major way to reduce tropical deforestation in Brazil would be to ____.

Answer 29

reduce the demand for cattle and soybeans

Question 30

Four of the following are measures to speed up ecosystem recovery. Choose the one that is not.

Answer 30

Secondary succession

Question 31

The temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, or other uses, is called ____.

Answer 31

deforestation

Question 32

In selective harvesting, loggers cut large areas of young trees that were all planted at about the same time.

Answer 32

false

Question 33

Removing forests results in less stable ____.

Answer 33

climate

Question 34

Commercial forests are highly diverse when managed carefully.

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Researchers have suggested four principles for carrying out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation. Which one of the following is not one of these principles?

Answer 35

Encourage the development of economic zones in the ecosystem.

Question 36

Countries can encourage other countries to protect natural areas by providing foreign aid or debt relief in return.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

If occasional surface forest fires are prevented, this increases the chance that ____.

Answer 37

NOT biodiversity will thrive NOT the habitat will degrade NOT the region will stop being profitable

Question 38

Parks in developing countries possess the least biodiversity of all parks.

Answer 38

false

Question 39

Someday, tree plantations may supply most of the world’s demand for industrial wood.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

Destroying forests increases the carbon in the atmosphere.

Answer 40

true

Question 41

Which of the following is true of tree plantations?

Answer 41

They are not biologically diverse.

Question 42

Up to 60% of the wood consumed in the United States is wasted unnecessarily.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Hemp requires fewer pesticides and yield more pulp per hectare. What other source of pulp provides this benefit?

Answer 43

Kenaf

Question 44

Logging roads can cause harmful effects such as topsoil erosion, sediment runoff into waterways, habitat loss, and loss of biodiversity.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

Forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in organic compounds as part of the process of ____.

Answer 45

photosynthesis

Question 46

It is easy to burn a healthy rainforest.

Answer 46

false

Question 47

To continue to use a forest for years without depleting it so that it can’t be logged, one option is ____.

Answer 47

selective cutting

Question 48

To protect ____ provided by biodiversity, it is important to take steps like setting aside land as Costa Rica has done.

Answer 48

ecosystem services

Question 49

One example of the complexity of predicting outcomes of re-introductions is that ____ as expected when wolves were re-introduced to Yellowstone National Park.

Answer 49

NOT coyote populations did not increase NOT scavengers were not able to find food NOT the elk population did not decline

Question 50

Only about 1% of national parks in less-developed countries are protected.

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Which of the following is a disadvantage of clear-cutting?

Answer 51

Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats

Question 52

Historian, conservationist, and writer Wallace Stegner called National Parks, “the best idea America ever had.”

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Which term refers to the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by ecosystems?

Answer 53

Ecological restoration

Question 54

Even moderate levels of grazing are unhealthy for grasslands.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

Which outcome is true of surface fires?

Answer 55

They free nutrients that are locked up in vegetation and litter.

Question 56

Ecologists and conservation biologists see wilderness areas as ____.

Answer 56

important for their economic and ecosystem services

Question 57

To successfully obtain Forest Stewardship Council certification, a forest operation must ____.

Answer 57

ensure that the topsoil is protected

Question 58

An old-growth forest is a(n) ____.

Answer 58

uncut or regenerated primary forest undisturbed for at least 200 hundred years

Question 59

Pastures are generally managed so that they contain forage crops and domesticated grasses.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

For a farmer who wants to improve the sustainability of farmland, the best approach would be ____.

Answer 60

to increase the productivity of the farmer's existing land

Question 61

Four of the following are ways to grow and harvest trees more sustainably. Choose the one that is the exception.

Answer 61

Increase road building into uncut areas.

Question 62

A tree plantation is also called a(n) ____.

Answer 62

commercial forest

Question 63

Prohibiting logging roads reduces the risk that ____ will be found deep within a forest.

Answer 63

invasive species

Question 64

Clear-cutting is an inefficient and slow approach, in addition to being environmentally harmful.

Answer 64

false

Question 65

Reconciliation ecology focuses on establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play.

Answer 65

true

Question 66

Which nonnative species threatens the habitat in Olympic National Park?

Answer 66

Mountain goats

Question 67

The ecosystem services provided by forests worldwide are ____ than can be obtained through logging and related practices.

Answer 67

much greater

Question 68

Four of the following are important ecological services provided by forests; one is not. Choose the one that is not.

Answer 68

Releases atmospheric carbon

Question 69

If current deforestation rates continue, about 40% of all the world’s remaining intact forests will have been logged or converted to other uses in 20 years.

Answer 69

true

Question 70

Conservationists around the world are using a design in which an inner core of a reserve is surrounded by two protective areas. This design is known as ____.

Answer 70

buffer zone concept

Question 71

Carefully managed, fenced areas used to maintain stock are examples of rangeland, which is often used to reduce the risk that animals will overgraze if allowed to roam.

Answer 71

false

Question 72

Costa Rica is considered a superpower of biodiversity, with an estimated 500,000 plant and animal species. This biodiversity is chiefly a result of the ____.

Answer 72

country's geographic location and its government's strong conservation efforts

Question 73

Many biologists and wildlife conservationists believe that the best way to keep from hastening the extinction of wild species through human activities is to protect threatened habitats and ecosystem services. This is referred to as ____.

Answer 73

the ecosystems approach

Question 74

One way to reduce the risk of overgrazing is to ____.

Answer 74

carefully move cattle from one location to another so that they don't stay in one place for too long

Question 75

Madagascar is one of the world’s most threatened biodiversity hotspots.

Answer 75

true

Question 76

A second-growth forest is a(n) ____.

Answer 76

forest resulting from secondary succession

Question 77

To reduce damage from forest fires, it is helpful to ____.

Answer 77

use prescribed burns

Question 78

Tree farms are more biologically diverse than second-growth forests.

Answer 78

False

Question 79

What is probably the biggest problem for U.S. national parks today?

Answer 79

Popularity

Question 80

Surface fires ____.

Answer 80

usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor