Chapter 10 Supplementation Flashcards

(95 cards)

1
Q

Dietary supplement

A

A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients:
Vitamins; minerals; herb or other botanical; amino acid; substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any previously described ingredient

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2
Q

Essential nutrient

A

Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own

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3
Q

Toxicity

A

When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms

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4
Q

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

A

The primary legislation of the U.S. government regulating dietary supplements

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5
Q

Code of Federal Regulations

A

Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market

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6
Q

Tolerable Upper Limit

A

The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect

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7
Q

Adverse effect

A

Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement

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8
Q

Vitamin D DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 20 mcg
UL- 100 mcg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 15 mcg
UL- 100 mcg

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9
Q

Calcium DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 1,300 mg
UL- 2,500 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV: 1,300 mg
UL: 2,500 mg

*UL reduced to 2,000 mg per day for 50+ years

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10
Q

Iron DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 18 mg
UL: 45 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV: 27 mg
UL: 45 mg

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11
Q

Potassium DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV: 4,700 mg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV: 5,100 mg
UL: n/a

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12
Q

Vitamin A DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 900 mcg RAE
UL- 3,000 mcg RAE

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 1,300 mcg RAE
UL- 3,000 mcg RAE

*dosed in micrograms of retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

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13
Q

Vitamin C DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 90 mg
UL- 2,000 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 120 mg
UL- 2,000 mg

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14
Q

Vitamin E DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 15 mg
UL- 1,000 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 19 mg
UL- 1,000 mg

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15
Q

Vitamin K DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 120 mcg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 90 mcg
UL- n/a

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16
Q

Thiamine DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 1.2 mg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 1.4 mg
UL- n/a

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17
Q

Riboflavin DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 1.3 mg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 1.6 mg
UL- n/a

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18
Q

Niacin DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 16 mg
UL- 35 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 18 mg
UL- 35 mg

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19
Q

Vitamin B6 DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 1.7 mg
UL- 100 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 2 mg
UL- 100 mg

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20
Q

Folate DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 400 mcg DFE
UL- 1,000 mcg DFE

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 600 mcg DFE
UL- 1,000 mcg DFE

*dosed in micrograms of Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE)

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21
Q

Vitamin B12 DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 2.4 mcg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 2.8 mcg
UL- n/a

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22
Q

Biotin DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 30 mcg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 35 mcg
UL- n/a

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23
Q

Pantothenic acid DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 5 mg
UL- n/a

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 7 mg
UL- n/a

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24
Q

Phosphorus DV & UL

A

Adults:
DV- 1,250 mg
UL- 4,000 mg

Pregnant and lactating women:
DV- 1,250 mg
UL- 4,000 mg

*UL is reduced to 3,000 mg per day for 70+ years of age

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25
Iodine DV & UL
Adults: DV- 150 mcg UL- 1,100 mcg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 290 mcg UL- 1,100 mcg
26
Magnesium DV & UL
Adults: DV- 420 mg UL- 350^a mg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 400 mg UL- 350^a mg *UL applies for supplemental magnesium only, not magnesium obtained in the diet
27
Zinc DV & UL
Adults: DV- 11 mg UL- 40 mg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 13 mg UL- 40 mg
28
Selenium DV & UL
Adults: DV- 55 mcg UL- 400 mcg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 70 mcg UL- 400 mcg
29
Copper DV & UL
Adults: DV- 0.9 mg UL- 10 mg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 1.3 mg UL- 10 mg
30
Manganese DV & UL
Adults: DV- 2.3 mg UL- 11 mg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 2.6 mg UL- 11 mg
31
Chromium DV & UL
Adults: DV- 35 mcg UL- n/a Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 45 mcg UL- n/a
32
Molybdenum DV & UL
Adults: DV- 45 mcg UL- 2,000 mcg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 50 mcg UL- 2,000 mcg
33
Chloride DV & UL
Adults: DV- 2,300 mg UL- 3,600 mg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 2,300 mg UL- 3,600 mg
34
Choline DV & UL
Adults: DV- 550 mg UL- 3,500 mg Pregnant and lactating women: DV- 550 mg UL- 3,500 mg
35
Stimulant
An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common stimulants include caffeine and nicotine
36
Creatine
Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power, and muscle mass
37
Banned
A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year
38
Anabolic steroids
Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength
39
Active ingredient
Any compound of a dietary supplement included for the purpose of causing a physiologic effect; displayed on the main body of the supplement facts panel
40
Other ingredient
Any component of a dietary supplement included for taste, bulk, or as a preservative; displayed beneath the main body of the supplement facts panel
41
Supplement facts panel
Portion of a dietary supplement’s label that displays the active ingredients, other ingredients, serving size, number of servings, quantity of ingredients, and the percent daily value
42
Daily Value
Amount of a nutrient recommended to be consumed each day to maintain good health. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet for those ages 4 and older
43
8 main allergens
Peanuts Tree nuts Soy Egg Dairy Wheat (gluten) Fish Shellfish
44
Health supplement
A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being
45
Performance supplement
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic aid
46
Biologically active
The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body
47
Biologically inactive
Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body
48
Beta-carotene
The red-orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables that is converted to vitamin A in the body
49
Lactose intolerance
A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress
50
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy
51
Rickets
A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
52
Heart arrhythmias
Irregular heartbeat
53
Platelet aggregation
An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot
54
Immunodeficiency
A weakened immune system
55
Peripheral neuropathy
Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord
56
Skeletal myopathy
Muscle degeneration
57
Scurvy
A disease resulting from insufficient, vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of gums), anemia, swelling, weak joints, and loss of teeth
58
Beriberi
Thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function
59
Pellagra
Niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia)
60
Anorexia
A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment
61
Anemia
A condition of poor iron status
62
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering
63
Spina bifida
A birth defect, and a type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly
64
Amenorrheic
Absence of menstruation
65
Osteopenia
Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis
66
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs
67
Ovo-vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs
68
Hypercalcemia
Excess blood calcium levels
69
Heme
A type of iron found an animal foods
70
Nonheme
A type of iron found in plant foods
71
Hemochromatosis
A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods
72
Omega-3
The polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
73
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in the flesh of cold-water fish such as tuna, mackerel, salmon, and herring
74
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
A type of omega-3 fatty acid that is found in seafood, such as fish and fish oils
75
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
One type of omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils, such as walnuts and flaxseed, and many common vegetable oils
76
Ergogenic aid
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement
77
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)
The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch like structures
78
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
Process by which new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level
79
Phosphagen
High energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken
80
Creatine monohydrate
The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement
81
Loading
Practice of using large doses of a supplement to saturate muscle tissues or other body stores prior to resorting to a lesser, maintenance dose
82
Endogenous
Produced or synthesized within an organism
83
Adrenaline
Hormone, also known as epinephrine, that excites bodily processes, increasing alertness and cell metabolism
84
Caffeine anhydrous
A highly concentrated caffeine powder made from the seeds and leaves of coffee plants
85
Where to look up if ergogenic aids are okay to use?
Google scholar or PubMed
86
DMAA
Dimethylamylamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for use as a dietary supplement
87
Ephedra
A plant source alkaloid with metabolism enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the United States in the European Union.
88
Serious adverse effects
Any adverse effect that results in any life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, persistent incapacity of a person‘s ability to conduct a normal life, a congenital anomaly, reproductive harm, or death
89
Hormone precursor
A hormone used to create another hormone or hormone-like agent
90
Gynecomastia
A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth
91
Number of amino acids (essential, nonessential, relevant and BCAAs)
Relevant: 20 Nonessential: 11 Essential: 9 BCAAs: 3
92
What two categories are dietary supplements classified
Health and performance
93
Who enforces guidelines for dietary supplements in the United States
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
94
Where was the first multivitamin product developed?
China
95
When did modern day nutritional supplements originate?
1940s