Chapter 10

Question 1

the researcher manipulates at least one independent variable, controls other relevant variables, and observes the effect on one or more dependent variables

Answer 1

experimental research

Question 2

primary characteristic that differentiates experimental research from other types of research

Answer 2

manipulation of an independent variable

Question 3

experimental research

Answer 3

the researcher manipulates at least one independent variable, controls other relevant variables, and observes the effect on one or more dependent variables

Question 4

The only restriction on the dependent variable

Answer 4

it must represent a measurable outcome

Question 5

experimental group

Answer 5

the group that receives the new treatment

Question 6

the group that receives the new treatment

Answer 6

experimental group

Question 7

control group

Answer 7

the group that receives a different treatment or is treated as usual

Question 8

the group that receives a different treatment or is treated as usual

Answer 8

control group

Question 9

active variables

Answer 9

Independent variables that are manipulated by the experimenter

Question 10

the researcher’s efforts to remove the influence of any variable, other than the 241242independent variable, that may affect performance on the dependent variable

Answer 10

control

Question 11

a variable on which participants in different groups in a study may differ

Answer 11

participant variable

Question 12

participant variable

Answer 12

a variable on which participants in different groups in a study may differ

Question 13

a variable in the setting of the study that may cause unwanted differences between groups

Answer 13

environmental variable

Question 14

environmental variable

Answer 14

a variable in the setting of the study that may cause unwanted differences between groups

Question 15

the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable, not some other variable

Answer 15

Internal validity

Question 16

Internal validity

Answer 16

the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable, not some other variable

Question 17

the degree to which study results are generalizable, or applicable, to groups and environments outside the experimental setting

Answer 17

External validity, also called ecological validity

Question 18

External validity, also called ecological validity

Answer 18

the degree to which study results are generalizable, or applicable, to groups and environments outside the experimental setting

Question 19

Unexpected events occur between the pre- and posttest, affecting the dependent variable.

Answer 19

History (threat to internal validity)

Question 20

Changes occur in the participants, from growing older, wiser, more experienced, etc., during the study.

Answer 20

Maturation (threat to internal validity)

Question 21

Taking a pretest alters the result of the posttest.

Answer 21

Testing (threat to internal validity)

Question 22

The measuring instrument is changed between pre- and posttesting, or a single measuring instrument is unreliable.

Answer 22

Instrumentation (threat to internal validity)

Question 23

Extremely high or extremely low scorers tend to regress to the mean on retesting.

Answer 23

Statistical regression (threat to internal validity)

Question 24

Participants in the experimental and control groups have different characteristics that affect the dependent variable differently.

Answer 24

Differential selection of participants (threat to internal validity)

Question 25

Different participants drop out of the study in different numbers, altering the composition of the treatment groups.

Answer 25

Mortality (threat to internal validity)

Question 26

The participants selected into treatment groups have different maturation rates. Selection interactions also occur with history and Instrumentation.

Answer 26

Selection-maturation interaction (threat to internal validity)

Question 27

History (threat to internal validity)

Answer 27

Unexpected events occur between the pre- and posttest, affecting the dependent variable.

Question 28

Maturation (threat to internal validity)

Answer 28

Changes occur in the participants, from growing older, wiser, more experienced, etc., during the study.

Question 29

Testing (threat to internal validity)

Answer 29

Taking a pretest alters the result of the posttest.

Question 30

Instrumentation (threat to internal validity)

Answer 30

The measuring instrument is changed between pre- and posttesting, or a single measuring instrument is unreliable.

Question 31

Statistical regression (threat to internal validity)

Answer 31

Extremely high or extremely low scorers tend to regress to the mean on retesting.

Question 32

Differential selection of participants (threat to internal validity)

Answer 32

Participants in the experimental and control groups have different characteristics that affect the dependent variable differently.

Question 33

Mortality (threat to internal validity)

Answer 33

Different participants drop out of the study in different numbers, altering the composition of the treatment groups.

Question 34

Selection-maturation interaction (threat to internal validity)

Answer 34

The participants selected into treatment groups have different maturation rates. Selection interactions also occur with history and Instrumentation.

Question 35

The pretest sensitizes participants to aspects of the treatment and thus influences posttest scores.

Answer 35

Pretest-treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

Question 36

The nonrandom or volunteer selection of participants limits the generalizability of the study.

Answer 36

Selection–treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

Question 37

When participants receive more than one treatment, the effect of prior treatment can affect or interact with later treatment, limiting generalizability.

Answer 37

Multiple-treatment interference (threat to external validity)

Question 38

Poorly operationalized variables make it difficult to identify the setting and procedures to which the variables can be generalized.

Answer 38

Specificity of variables (threat to external validity)

Question 39

Treatment groups communicate and adopt pieces of each other’s treatment, altering the initial status of the treatment’s comparison.

Answer 39

Treatment diffusion (threat to external validity)

Question 40

Conscious or unconscious actions of the researchers affect participants’ performance and responses.

Answer 40

Experimenter effects (threat to external validity)

Question 41

The fact of being in a study affects participants so that they act in ways different from their normal behavior. The Hawthorne and John Henry effects are reactive responses to being in a study.

Answer 41

Reactive arrangements (threat to external validity)

Question 42

Pretest-treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

Answer 42

The pretest sensitizes participants to aspects of the treatment and thus influences posttest scores.

Question 43

Selection–treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

Answer 43

The nonrandom or volunteer selection of participants limits the generalizability of the study.

Question 44

Multiple-treatment interference (threat to external validity)

Answer 44

When participants receive more than one treatment, the effect of prior treatment can affect or interact with later treatment, limiting generalizability.

Question 45

Specificity of variables (threat to external validity)

Answer 45

Poorly operationalized variables (often involves not clearly defining terms) make it difficult to identify the setting and procedures to which the variables can be generalized.

Question 46

Treatment diffusion (threat to external validity)

Answer 46

Treatment groups communicate and adopt pieces of each other’s treatment, altering the initial status of the treatment’s comparison.

Question 47

Experimenter effects (threat to external validity)

Answer 47

Conscious or unconscious actions of the researchers affect participants’ performance and responses.

Question 48

Reactive arrangements (threat to external validity)

Answer 48

The fact of being in a study affects participants so that they act in ways different from their normal behavior. The Hawthorne and John Henry effects are reactive responses to being in a study.

Question 49

the researcher’s expectations of the study results affect his or her behavior and contribute to producing certain research outcomes

Answer 49

experimenter bias effect

Question 50

experimenter bias effect

Answer 50

the researcher’s expectations of the study results affect his or her behavior and contribute to producing certain research outcomes

Question 51

Hawthorne effect

Answer 51

term used to describe any situation in which participants’ behavior is affected not by the treatment per se but by their awareness of participating in a study.

Question 52

compensatory rivalry or the John Henry effect

Answer 52

a reactive effect that occurs when members of a control group feel threatened or challenged by being in competition with an experimental group and they perform way beyond what would normally be expected

Question 53

novelty effect

Answer 53

the increased interest, motivation, or engagement participants develop simply because they are doing something different

Question 55

term used to describe any situation in which participants’ behavior is affected not by the treatment per se but by their awareness of participating in a study.

Answer 55

Hawthorne effect

Question 56

a reactive effect that occurs when members of a control group feel threatened or challenged by being in competition with an experimental group and they perform way beyond what would normally be expected

Answer 56

compensatory rivalry or the John Henry effect

Question 57

the increased interest, motivation, or engagement participants develop simply because they are doing something different

Answer 57

novelty effect