Chapter 10

Question 1

Describe Naturalistic Education

Answer 1

An attempt to elevate man above God

A revolt against God, the church, and the church’s Bible-based schools.

Question 2

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 2

Reaction against the Protestant Church to reject the Bible and turn to an intellectual answer for Society’s problems
Absolute faith in human reason

Question 3

List the Philosophical mistakes of the Reformation leaders

Answer 3

An inordinate emphasis on the pagan classics of Ancient Greece and Rome
All 7 major leaders who led the revolt against the Catholic Church were immersed in the pagan classics and had a bent toward the teachings of Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, and others

Question 4

What were the beliefs of Christian philosophers during the Period of Enlightenment?

Answer 4

Strongly opposed to “priesthood only” education offered by the Catholic Church
Strong emphasis on Christian schools under the oversight of the local church
Offered the Bible to everyone in the language of the people

Question 5

Name four prominent Christian philosophers

Answer 5

Martin Luther
John Calvin
Comenius
August Francke

Question 6

List four prominent naturalistic philosophers

Answer 6

Jean Jacques Rousseau
Johann Herbart
Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel
John Dewey

Question 7

Explain the impact of the Education Philosophers on education in America

Answer 7

Two groups of European philosophers greatly impacted education in America. The first group was Luther and Calvin. Their ideas helped impact the early Christian schools. Rousseau, Herbart, and Froebel impacted the public school system. The ideas brought over by them are still in effect today. It is believed that John Winthrop had offered Comenius the presidency at Harvard College but declined. Instead Reverend Jared Sparks took the position. Had Comenius accepted the presidency, things may be different today. It was through Harvard that Naturalism began to seep in. The ideas were brought to America when young American men would go to Europe to study and then come back to America as university professors. Students like John Dewey were then taught these beliefs.

Question 8

Most prolific writer of the 7 Reformation Leaders

Answer 8

Luther

Question 9

Believed in teacher-centered education

Answer 9

Luther

Question 9

Believed that teachers should be highly regarded

Answer 9

Luther

Question 10

Believed in education for both girls and boys

Answer 10

Luther

Question 11

Advocated numerous curriculum offerings including natural science, language study, gymnastics

Answer 11

Luther

Question 12

Believed in a moderate form of discipline

Answer 12

Luther

Question 13

Influential I starting more Christian schools than the other reformers combined

Answer 13

Calvin

Question 13

Emphasized student memorization, especially age-appropriate catechisms

Answer 13

Calvin

Question 14

Offered varying levels of instruction based on ability, believed children should not be pushed beyond their ability

Answer 14

Calvin

Question 15

Believed curriculum should prepare students for a wide range of life occupations

Answer 15

Comenius

Question 16

Strong emphasis on history

Answer 16

Comenius and Luther

Question 17

Considered a pedagogical genius

Answer 17

Comenius

Question 19

Dissecting, physical and chemical labs

Answer 19

Francke

Question 20

Statements on education were highly spiritual in nature

Answer 20

Francke

Question 20

Natural history museum

Answer 20

Francke

Question 21

curriculum included botany, mineralogy, health, mechanics, glass blowing, wood carving

Answer 21

Francke

Question 22

Field trips

Answer 22

Francke

Question 23

Lived in Paris

Answer 23

Rousseau

Question 24

Paris is known as the "Capital of the ..."

Answer 24

Elightenment

Question 25

Believed man is already good and had no need of spiritual redemption

Answer 25

Rousseau

Question 26

Believed children should not experience the pressure of competition

Answer 26

Rousseau

Question 27

Believed in minimal academic structure

Answer 27

Rousseau

Question 28

Believed reason will teach us what is good and evil

Answer 28

Rousseau

Question 29

Low regard for teachers (authority figure)

Answer 29

Rousseau

Question 30

Classroom discipline indirect and incidental

Answer 30

Rousseau

Question 31

Father of modern psychology

Answer 31

Herbart

Question 32

Believed in the mission of education - moral character based on Aristotle belief of being emotionally prepared and emotionally balanced

Answer 32

Herbart

Question 33

Strong emphasis on psychology and science

Answer 33

Herbart

Question 34

Father of the Kindergarten movement

Answer 34

Froebel

Question 35

Man is born fundamentally good and will evolve to higher levels to the end of time

Answer 35

Froebel

Question 36

Education should be passive

Answer 36

Froebel

Question 37

Children learn by doing

Answer 37

Froebel and Dewey

Question 38

Disdain for books

Answer 38

Froebel

Question 39

Father of progressive education

Answer 39

Dewey

Question 40

Christianity was a threat to his concept of democracy

Answer 40

Dewey

Question 41

Truth is pragmatic

Answer 41

Dewey

Question 42

Man is neither good or evil

Answer 42

Dewey

Question 43

Classroom should be "unscholastic"

Answer 43

Dewey

Question 44

Believed in Scientific humanism

Answer 44

Dewey

Question 45

Signed humanist Manifest I and served as president

Answer 45

Dewey

Question 46

Believed in Bible-centered Education

Answer 46

Luther

Question 47

Believed music should be a part of the school's curriculum.

Answer 47

Luther

Question 48

Believed that good education begins with faith

Answer 48

Calvin

Question 49

The first evangelist of modern pedagogy

Answer 49

Comenius

Question 50

Believed that education should lead to virtue and piety

Answer 50

Comenius

Question 51

Believed in a wide-range curriculum, including grammar, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music (often taught with math), physics, geography, morals, religion, and periods of play

Answer 51

Cormenius

Question 52

Established teacher training universities

Answer 52

Francke

Question 53

Believed that knowledge is folly without God

Answer 53

Francke

Question 54

Wrote a treatise on education entitled "Emile"

Answer 54

Rousseau

Question 55

Believed in stages of education, but these stages were different than those recommended by Christian philosophers

Answer 55

Rousseau

Question 56

"The prophet of freedom"

Answer 56

Rousseau

Question 57

Believed moral education should begin at age 15

Answer 57

Rousseau

Question 58

Agreed on one principal from Luther, Comenius, and Francke: teaching by direct observation when it is practical to do so

Answer 58

Rousseau

Question 59

Father of the modern science of education

Answer 59

Herbart

Question 60

Believed the study of metaphysics, psychology, cultural ethics, and the psychological rules of mental growth were the key components for developing a scientific method of academic instruction

Answer 60

Herbart

Question 61

Devised a five steps in learning that teachers should understand

Answer 61

Herbart

Question 62

Some saw him as pantheist and others saw him as transcendentalist

Answer 62

Froebel

Question 63

Looked on man as "the most perfect product of cosmic evolution"

Answer 63

Froebel

Question 64

Developed four "questions or problems" to provide a basic philosophy of education

Answer 64

Dewey

Question 65

Values and moral standards are relative

Answer 65

Dewey

Question 66

What benefits did we get from Socrates?

Answer 66

Intellectual inquiry and orderly thinking

Question 67

What benefits did we get from Plato

Answer 67

World's first university

Question 68

What benefits did we get from Aristotle

Answer 68

Seven divisions of liberal arts

Question 69

What benefits did we get from Quintilian?

Answer 69

Recess and shortened school day (in Rome school days began at dawn!)

Question 70

What benefits did we get from Rousseau

Answer 70

Stirred up the staid world of education; "invented nothing but set everything on fire"

Question 71

What benefits did we get from Pestalozzi

Answer 71

"First-hand experience" education

Question 72

What benefits did we get from Herbart

Answer 72

Social studies and lesson plans

Question 73

What benefits did we get from Froebel

Answer 73

Kindergarten

Question 74

What benefits did we get from Carter

Answer 74

Advocated teacher-training colleges, originally known as "normal schools"

Question 75

What benefits did we get from Mann

Answer 75

Promoted school libraries, better playgrounds, teacher conventions, and a longer school year

Question 76

What benefits did we get from Barnard

Answer 76

In-service training for teachers

Question 77

What benefits did we get from Dewey

Answer 77

Promoted hands-on student projects and more self-expression by students

Question 78

Which naturalistic philosopher caused the greatest change in American education?

Answer 78

Dewey