Chapter 10 Flashcards
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Drive-reduction theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasiss
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level saftey needs and then psychological needs become active
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
Set point
The point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight
Basal metabolic rate
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Achievement motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a higher standard
emotion
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, (3) conscious experience
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
Two-factor theory
Polygraph
A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion
Facial feedback effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness
Todays evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is that?
Genes predispose species-typical behavior
An example of a physiological need is ______. An example of a psychological drive is ________.
hunger; a “push” to find food
Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) __________.
Incentive
________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs
Arousal
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is
Moderate
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are ______ needs
Safety
Journalist Dorothy Dix (1861-1951) once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss)
