Chapter 10

Question 1

-ergic

Answer 1

a combining form with the meanings “activated by,” “sensitive to,” “releasing,” “resembling the effect produced by” the substance or phenomenon specified by the initial element

Question 2

Acetylcholine

Answer 2

first neurotransmitter to be discovered responsible for much of the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastro-intestinal system

Question 3

Neurotransmitters

Answer 3

chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. They are also found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers

Question 4

Cholinergic Receptors

Answer 4

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released from the terminals of all preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic (orange) and the parasympathetic (blue) divisions of the ANS. There are two categories of cholinergic receptors – nicotinic and muscarinic.

Question 5

Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 5

acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells

Question 6

Nicotinic Receptors

Answer 6

a channel protein that, upon binding by acetylcholine, opens to allow diffusion of cations

Question 7

Curare (what is it, mechanisms of action)

Answer 7

toxic plant derivatives, specifically those from plants of the genus Strychnos. This compound and those related to it exercise their attempts by inhibiting the actions of acetylcholine at neuromuscular cross-sections, generating paralyzed conditions.

Question 8

Looking for ACh in the brain

Answer 8

It is now known to be a neurotransmitter at all autonomic ganglia, at many autonomically innervated organs, at the neuromuscular junction, and at many synapses in the CNS

Question 9

ACh roles/purpose in nervous system

Answer 9

neurotransmitter in the preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

Question 10

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 10

a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions the brain cells themselves degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in memory and mental function.

Question 11

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 11

hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary marker of Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 12

Senile (beta amyloidal) plaque

Answer 12

polymorphous beta-amyloid protein deposits found in the brain in Alzheimer disease and normal aging. This beta-amyloid protein is derived from a larger precursor molecule of which neurons are the principal producers in brain.

Question 13

Monoamines

Answer 13

the particular neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin.

Question 14

Monoamine Clearance

Answer 14

combined function of uptake mechanisms in the plasma membrane with intracellular metabolizing enzymes

Question 15

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Answer 15

helps maintain appropriate levels of these neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Fluorescent Microscopy

Answer 16

image specific features of small specimens such as microbes. It is also used to visually enhance 3-D features at small scales. This can be accomplished by attaching fluorescent tags to anti-bodies that in turn attach to targeted features, or by staining in a less specific manner.

Question 17

Alpha Receptors

Answer 17

components of receptor tissues that respond to norepinephrine and to various blocking agents. The activation of alpha receptors causes physiologic responses such as increased peripheral vascular resistance, pupil dilation, and contraction of arrector muscles.

Question 18

Beta Receptors (1 & 2)

Answer 18

b1-adrenoceptors demonstrated equal affinity for adrenaline and nor- adrenaline while b2-adrenoceptors displayed a higher selectivity for nor-adrenaline than for adrenaline.

Question 19

Norepinephrine – origins and roles in nervous system

Answer 19

associated with bringing our nervous systems into “high alert.” It is prevalent in the sympathetic nervous system, and it increases our heart rate and our blood pressure.

Question 20

Serotonin – origins and roles in nervous system

Answer 20

inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. Too little serotonin has been shown to lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide.

Question 21

Serotonin and OCD

Answer 21

low serotonin levels are associated with OCD

Question 22

Clomipramine (brand name Anafranil) for treating OCD

Answer 22

tricyclic antidepressant. It affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced.

Question 23

Monoamines and Depression

Answer 23

predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system.

Question 24

Suicidal Ideation

Answer 24

abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, in addition to changes to the structure and function of the brain, can increase the risk for many mental illnesses, including those that cause suicidal thoughts and behaviors

Question 25

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 25

a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses.

Question 26

Dopamine – origins and roles

Answer 26

neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses

Question 27

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 27

dopamine deficiency causes parkinson it is a chronic and progressive movement disorder

Question 28

Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 28

nonsurgical treatment to reduce tremor and to block involuntary movements in patients with motion disorders. Small electric shocks are delivered to the thalamus (especially in the treatment of multiple sclerosis) or the globus pallidus (especially in the treatment of Parkinson's disease), rendering these parts of the brain inactive without surgically destroying them.

Question 29

Tourette Syndrome

Answer 29

abnormalities in certain brain regions (including the basal ganglia, frontal lobes, and cortex), the circuits that interconnect these regions, and the neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) responsible for communication among nerve cells. Causes tics

Question 30

Echopraxia

Answer 30

involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions

Question 31

Coprolalia

Answer 31

involuntary and repetitive use of obscene language, as a symptom of mental illness or organic brain disease.

Question 32

Echolalia

Answer 32

meaningless repetition of another person's spoken words as a symptom of psychiatric disorder.

Question 33

Palilalia

Answer 33

speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetition of words, phrases, or sentences.

Question 34

Dopamine antagonist

Answer 34

medication or drug that prevents the actions stimulated by dopamine.

Question 35

Haloperidol (Haldol)

Answer 35

type of dopamine antagonist blocks.It also is used to control tics and vocal utterances that are part of Tourette's syndrome.