Chapter 10

Question 1

Arable land

Answer 1

d Land that can be plowed and can produce crops. (p. 327)

Question 2

Bioaccumulation

Answer 2

The storage of chemicals in an organism in higher concentrations than those
normally found in the environment.(p. 349)

Question 3

Biocides

Answer 3

Chemicals that kill many different kinds of living things; also called pesticides. (p. 334)

Question 4

Bioconcentration

Answer 4

The combined effect of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. (p. 352)

Question 5

Biofuels

Answer 5

Solid, liquid, or gas fuel derived from relatively recently dead biological material; distinguished
from fossil fuels, which are derived from long-dead biological material. (p. 338)

Question 6

Biomagnification

Answer 6

Buildup of chemical elements or substances in organisms in successively higher
trophic levels. (p. 351)

Question 7

Contour cultivation

Answer 7

The cultivation and seeding of fields parallel to the contour of the slope,
which serves to reduce the speed of runoff by catching soil particles in the plough furrows. (p. 357)

Question 8

Crop rotation

Answer 8

Alternating crops in fields to help restore soil fertility and also control pests. (p. 357)

Question 9

Demitarians

Answer 9

People who try to reduce their consumption of meat and dairy products by half.
(p.334)

Question 10

Food miles

Answer 10

The distance food must travel from point of production to consumption. (p. 359)

Question 11

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Answer 11

Organisms created by humans through genetic manipulation
combining genes from different and often totally unrelated species to create a different organism
that is economically more productive and/or has greater resistance to pathogens. (p. 335)

Question 12

Grasshopper effect

Answer 12

Atmospheric transport and deposition of persistent and volatile chemical pollutants
whereby the pollutants evaporate into the air in warmer climates and travel in the atmosphere
towards cooler areas, condensing out again when the temperature drops. The cycle then repeats itself
in a series of “hops” until the pollutants reach climates where they can no longer evaporate. (p.
350)

Question 13

Green manure

Answer 13

Plants that are ploughed into the soil as fertilizer. (p. 358)

Question 14

Green Revolution

Answer 14

Development in plant genetics (hybridization) in the late 1950s and early 1960s
resulting in high-yield varieties producing three to five times more grain than previous plants but
requiring intensive irrigation and fertilizer use. (p. 328)

Question 15

Hybridization

Answer 15

Cross-breeding organisms of different varieties or species to create a hybrid. (p. 334)

Question 16

Integrated pest management (IPM)

Answer 16

The avoidance or reduction of yield losses caused by diseases,
weeds, insects, etc., while minimizing the negative impacts of chemical pest control. (p. 356)

Question 17

Integrated plant nutrient systems (IPNSs)

Answer 17

Maximization of the efficiency of nutrient use by recycling

all plant nutrient sources within the farm and by using nitrogen fixation by legumes. (p. 357)

Question 18

Intensive livestock operations (ILOs)

Answer 18

Factory farms, feedlots, etc. where large quantities of external
energy inputs are required to raise larger numbers of animals than the area in which they are
raised can naturally support, which can result in problems of disease and dealing with animal waste.
(p. 355)

Question 19

Livestock Revolution

Answer 19

The shift in production units from family farms to factory farms and feedlots
that depend on outside supplies of feed, energy, and other inputs to produce vastly more livestock,
a shift that has fuelled the growth in meat consumption worldwide, which has doubled since
1977. (p. 340)

Question 20

Locavore

Answer 20

People who eat locally produced food. (p. 360)

Question 21

Monoculture cropping

Answer 21

Cultivation of one plant species (such as corn) over a large area, which
leaves the crop highly susceptible to disease and insects, especially when all of the individual plants
are genetically identical. (p. 340)

Question 22

No-till/conservation agriculture (NT/CA)

Answer 22

Zero, minimum, or low tillage to protect and stimulate
the biological functioning of the soil while maintaining and improving crop yields, which includes
direct sowing or drilling of seeds instead of ploughing, maintenance of permanent cover of plant
material on the soil, and crop rotation. (p. 357)

This approach also reduces agricultural runoff

Question 23

Organic farming

Answer 23

An agriculture production management system that focuses on food web relations
and element cycling to maximize agro-ecosystem stability and to promote and enhance ecosystem
health. It is based on minimizing the use of external inputs. (p. 358)

Question 24

Pelagic

Answer 24

Marine life, such as cod and whales, that live in the upper layers of the open sea. (p. 349)

Question 25

Permaculture

Answer 25

Agricultural designs, such as urban farming and organic farming, based on ecological relationships with the fundamental principle of minimizing wasted energy and with the wastes of one component becoming the inputs for another. (p. 360)

Question 26

Permanent cropland

Answer 26

Lands where crops (e.g. coffee, tea, fruit) do not require annual replanting. (p. 327)

Question 27

Permanent pastures

Answer 27

Lands used primarily for grazing livestock. (p. 327)

Question 28

Persistent organochlorine pesticides (POPs)

Answer 28

Chemical substances that persist in the environment. | p. 350

Question 29

Salinization

Answer 29

Deposition/accumulation of salts in irrigated soils, making soil unfit for most crops; caused by a rising water table due to inadequate drainage of irrigated soils. (p. 344)

Question 30

Silent Spring

Answer 30

Rachel Carson’s book, which published in 1962, detailed the disastrous effects of biocides on the environment. (p. 346)

Question 31

Soil compaction

Answer 31

The compression of soil as a result of frequent heavy machinery use on wet soils or the overstocking of cattle. (p. 344)

Question 32

Soil erosion

Answer 32

A natural process whereby soil is removed from its place of formation by gravitational, water, and wind processes. (p. 343)

Question 33

Strip cropping

Answer 33

A technique similar to contour cultivation in which different crops are planted in strips parallel to the slope. (p. 358)

Question 34

Subsistence farming

Answer 34

The production of food and other necessities to satisfy the needs of the farm household. (p. 335)

Question 35

Summer fallow

Answer 35

A practice common on the prairies in which land is ploughed and kept bare to minimize moisture losses through evapotranspiration but which leads to increased salinization. (p. 344) Practice developed to conserve moisture in the soil Up to 50% of the land left without a crop

Question 36

Virtual water

Answer 36

A concept recognizing that because significant amounts of water are required to grow some foodstuffs, nations can reduce pressure on their water resources by importing such products, allowing use of water for other, high-value products. (p. 335)

Question 37

1. The following statement about the rapid spread of cropland globally is FALSE: ________. a) It has now brought cultivated land up to 1.5 billion hectares b) It came predominately at the expense of forest habitats c) It is slowing down in face of competition from other land uses d) It is occurring mainly in developing countries e) All of the above are true

Answer 37

d) It is occurring mainly in developing countries

Question 38

________ of Canada’s population is directly involved in food production. a) 1 per cent b) 4 per cent c) 9 per cent d) 17 per cent e) 26 per cent

Answer 38

b) 4%

Question 39

In Canada, over 300,000 hectares of rural land were converted to urban use between 1966 and 1986, of which ________ was prime agricultural land. a) 10 per cent b) 22 per cent c) 46 per cent d) 58 per cent e) 87 per cent

Answer 39

d) 58 per cent

Question 40

The following statement is FALSE: ________. a) The Prairie provinces contain 81 per cent of Canada’s agricultural land base b) Quebec, Ontario, and BC contain approximately 17 per cent of Canada’s agricultural base c) The area of farmland has remained relatively constant for the past 50 year d) The Atlantic provinces contain 9 per cent of Canada’s agricultural base e) The agriculture and agrifood sector is a $130 billion industry

Answer 40

d) The Atlantic provinces contain 9 per cent of Canada’s agricultural base

Question 41

5. Biocides found in beluga whales of the St Lawrence estuary are indicators of ________. a) species resilience b) biomagnification c) bioaccumulation d) nutrient loss e) none of the above

Answer 41

b) biomagnification

Question 42

According to 2011 figures, Canadian livestock produces ________. a) 152 million tonnes of manure annually b) 160.5 million kilograms of manure monthly c) 152.5 million tonnes of manure quarterly d) 155.5 million kilograms of manure annually e) 177.5 billion tonnes of manure annually

Answer 42

a) 152 million tonnes of manure annually

Question 43

________ has the highest proportion of certified organic producers. a) Saskatchewan b) British Columbia c) Alberta d) Quebec e) Ontario

Answer 43

d) Quebec

Question 44

Crop rotation is ________. a) the same as contour cultivation b) the most common soil conservation method c) an important means of recharging soil d) Both a and b e) Both b and c

Answer 44

e) b) the most common soil conservation method c) an important means of recharging soil

Question 45

Intensive livestock operations are ________. a) part of modern agriculture b) a source of significant manure production c) a source of pollution d) All of the above e) None of the above

Answer 45

d

Question 46

Bioconcentration is ________. a) a combination of biomagnification and bioaccumulation b) when biocides cause negative effects c) responsible for killing thousands of birds d) All of the above e) None of the above

Answer 46

a) a combination of biomagnification and bioaccumulation

Question 47

``` Climate change will reduce agricultural capacity; world agricultural GDP is expected to fall by ________. a) 7 per cent b) 16 per cent c) 32 per cent d) 58 per cent e) 72 per cent ```

Answer 47

b) 16 per cent

Question 48

``` Humans need about 2,500 calories daily. North Americans and Europeans on average consume ________ calories each day. a) 2,000 b) 2,500 c) 3,000 d) 3,400 e) 4,200 ```

Answer 48

d) 3,400

Question 49

The Canada Food Guide recommends that the average adult consume 54 kg of protein annually. In reality, the average Canadian adult consumes ________ of meat each year. a) 32 kg b) 54 kg c) 73 kg d) 82 kg e) 90 kg

Answer 49

e) 90 kg

Question 50

14. Hybridization is ________. a) the development of higher-yielding seeds b) inserting the genes from one species into another to improve it c) cross-breeding different varieties or species d) selecting only the most productive plants to contribute genes to the next generation e) None of the above

Answer 50

c) cross-breeding different varieties or species

Question 51

. Producing only enough food to satisfy the needs of the farm household is called ________. a) subsistence farming b) insistence farming c) intensive farming d) modern farming e) economical farming

Answer 51

a) subsistence farming

Question 52

16. Bacillus thuringiensis is ________. a) a pest insect b) a bacteria c) a variety of soybean d) a fertilizer e) an antibody

Answer 52

b) a bacteria

Question 53

True or False | Agriculture dates back 2,000 years.

Answer 53

F

Question 54

True or False | The “Green Revolution” doubled average grain harvest.

Answer 54

T

Question 55

True or False | Since cropland cultivation began in Canada, 1 billion tonnes of soil organic carbon has been lost.

Answer 55

T

Question 56

True or False | One way to reduce the contributions of agriculture to global warming is to eat less meat.

Answer 56

T

Question 57

True or False Both modern industrialized agricultural systems and natural agro-ecosystems rely heavily on large auxiliary energy flows.

Answer 57

F

Question 58

True or False | Biocides are a main contributor to the speed of the eutrophication process.

Answer 58

F

Question 59

True or False | Biofuels are derived from recently dead biological material.

Answer 59

T

Question 60

True or False | The use of biocides creates a pest population that will ultimately become resistant to them.

Answer 60

T

Question 61

True or False | 9. As much as 30 per cent of food produced in the world is wasted.

Answer 61

T