Chapter 10

Question 1

What are the four theories?

Answer 1

• behaviorist
• cognitive
• humanistic
• sociocultural

Question 2

What is the behaviorist theory?

Answer 2

changes in behavior result from experiences with environment

Question 3

What is the cognitive theory?

Answer 3

expectations/belief and attempts to understand how the world works

Question 4

What is the sociocultural theory?

Answer 4

individual participation in communities that value and support learning

Question 5

What is the humanistic theory?

Answer 5

attempts to fulfill their total potential as human beings

Question 6

What is the humanistic approach?

Answer 6

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, deficiency vs. growth needs

Question 7

What are the levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy? (bottom to top)

Answer 7

1) Physiological
2) Safety
3) Belongingness and Love
4) Esteem
5) Esthetic and Cognitive
6) Self-Actualization

Question 8

Which needs are basic and which are metaneeds?

Answer 8

1-4 basic, 5&6 metaneeds

Question 9

Why are needs 1-4 basic?

Answer 9

always need to be replenished and have to be fulfilled before you can move up the pyramid

Question 10

Who created the Need to Achieve?

Answer 10

Atkinson and McClelland

Question 11

What is the Need to Achieve?

Answer 11

A system of two drives that push our motivation

Question 12

What is the first drive?

Answer 12

Need to Achieve (nAch) which is the desire to learn something about yourself and grow

Question 13

What is the second drive?

Answer 13

Fear of Failure (FoF) which is the desire to avoid looking dumb or incompetent

Question 14

What are the three different probabilities?

Answer 14

• low failure = higher cost of failure
• high failure = lower cost of failure
• don’t participate = no failure/cost

Question 15

What is FoF in regards to a test? Specific name?

Answer 15

ensuring failure by blaming situation. Self-handicapping

Question 16

How does this relate to the Learning/Mastery Goal Theory?

Answer 16

(High nAch) focus on accomplishing a task, improving, and increasing understanding

Question 17

How does this relate to the Performance Goal Theory?

Answer 17

(High FoF) focus on demonstrating ability and competence and how learners compare to others

Question 18

What is Approaching?

Answer 18

emphasizes looking competent and receiving favorable judgements from others

Question 19

What is Avoiding?

Answer 19

emphasizes attempts to avoid looking incompetent and being judged unfavorably

Question 20

What is Weiner’s Attribution Theory?

Answer 20

describes learners’ beliefs about the causes of their successes and failures and how these beliefs influence motivation to learn

Question 21

What are the three attributions that influence learners?

Answer 21

• emotional reactions to success/failure
• expectations for future success
• future effort

Question 22

What is Learned Helplessness?

Answer 22

debilitating belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little control of the environment

Question 23

What is Eccles’ Expectancy x Value Theory?

Answer 23

If you have no expectancy then no value is placed on assignment and the result is no motivation

Question 24

What is a Social Goal?

Answer 24

achieve a particular social outcome or interaction

Question 25

What is a Work-Avoidance Goal?

Answer 25

feeling successful when tasks are easy or can be completed with little effort

Question 26

What is Self-Efficacy?

Answer 26

belief that one is capable of accomplishing a specific task

Question 27

What are the four factors that influence Self-Efficacy?

Answer 27

1) Performance 2) Models 3) Persuasion 4) State

Question 28

Factor One: Past Performance

Answer 28

past success on similar tasks provides evidence that learners are capable of completing the task

Question 29

Factor Two: Modeling

Answer 29

observing others succeed raises expectations and provides information about how a task should be performed

Question 30

Factor Three: Verbal Persuasion

Answer 30

encourages learners to try challenging tasks and succeed then increases self-efficacy

Question 31

Factor Four: Emotional State

Answer 31

negative emotional states can reduce self-efficacy by filling working memory with thought of failure

Question 32

What are students with high-efficacy like?

Answer 32

they accept more challenging tasks, exert more effort, persist longer, use more effective strategies and generally perform better

Question 33

What are the types of values that influence motivation?

Answer 33

- interest - importance (attainment value) - utility value - cost

Question 34

What is the interest? EX

Answer 34

(Personal and situational) if you have an interest in the topic you have more motivation

Question 35

What is importance? EX

Answer 35

(Attainment Value) importance of an individual attaches to doing well on a task [negative self-efficacy=low importance]

Question 36

What is utility value? EX

Answer 36

belief that a topic, activity, or course of study will be useful for meeting future goals

Question 37

What is cost? EX

Answer 37

the consideration of what a person must give up to engage in an activity [impossible workload=high cost=no motivation]