Chapter 10- Biodiversity

Question 1

Define species

Answer 1

A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

Define taxonomy

Answer 2

Organisms are classified into groups each group is called a taxon. Taxonomy is the study of these groups or taxa

Question 3

Define classification

Answer 3

Organising the variety of life based on relationships between organisms

Question 4

What is binomial naming system ?

Answer 4

A common system advised to name organisms

Question 5

What is the binomial naming system ?- describe how it works

Answer 5

The first name is capitalised and is the generic name - the genus
The second name is lowercase and is specific - the species

If handwritten it is underlines
If printed it is italics

Question 6

Each group within classification is called a

Answer 6

Taxon

Question 7

A domain is the —— ——- rank and the 3 domains are —— —— —-

Answer 7

Highest taxonomic rank
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 8

What are bacteria?

Name 3 features

Answer 8

A group of single - celled prokaryotes with the following features

Unicellular
Small ribosomes - (70s)
No histones and loops of nucleic acid

Question 9

What are archaea ?

Name 3 features

Answer 9

A group of single celled prokaryotes which were originally classified as bacteria but differ because

Their genes and proteins synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
Their membranes contain fatty acids chain attached to glycerol by ester linkages
Their is no murein in their cell walls

Question 10

What are eukarya - give 3 features

Answer 10

A group of organisms made up of 1 or more eukaryotic cells with features of:
Membrane bound organelle
Larger ribosomes (80s)
Can contain well walls but non are made of murein

Question 11

What are the 4 eukarya kingdoms?

Answer 11

Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 12

What are the classification sections ?

Answer 12

Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 13

How are organisms classified?

Answer 13

Similarities in DNA and proteins

Similarities and characteristics

Question 14

What is a phylogenetic tree and how is it read?

Answer 14

It shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms

The closer the branches the closer the evolutionary relationship

Question 15

Members of the same species have similar or the same —— and therefore …

Answer 15

Genes

Resemble one another physically and biochemically

Question 16

How does courtship behaviour ensure there is successful reproduction?

Answer 16

Allows them to recognise members of their own species
Identify a mate that is capable of breeding
Form a pair bond
Synchronise mating
Become able to breed

Question 17

Define biodiversity

Answer 17

The general term used to describe variety in the living world

Question 18

Define species diversity

Answer 18

The number of different species AND the number of individuals of each species within any one community

Question 19

Define community

Answer 19

All the living organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time

Question 20

Define species richness

Answer 20

The number of different species in any one community at a given time

Question 21

Define genetic diversity

Answer 21

The variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of 1 species

Question 22

Define ecosystems diversity

Answer 22

The range of different habitats in a community at a given time

Question 23

How do you calculate an index of diversity?

Answer 23

d = N(N-1)

The sum of n(n-1)

Question 24

What does N mean in the index of diversity calculation?

Answer 24

The total number of organisms of ALL species

Question 25

What does n mean in the index of diversity calculation?

Answer 25

The total number of organisms of EACH species

Question 26

Why is using the index of diversity preferable to just recording the number of species present?

Answer 26

It tells you the number of individuals of every species so it takes into account species present in small numbers It is also more easily comparable and easier to interpret

Question 27

Do natural communities have a high index of diversity or a low index of diversity? Why?

Answer 27

High because the ecosystem develops over time and they become more COMPLEX with many individuals of a large number of different species

Question 28

Do agricultural ecosystems have a high index of diversity or a low index of diversity? Why?

Answer 28

A low index of diversity because farmers select species with particular properties so the genetic variety of alleles is reduced to the few that have the desired properties. To be economic the number of these individuals needs to be large so species that are not desirable are removed

Question 29

Explain the direct negative impacts of agriculture | State 3

Answer 29

The removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodland removes habitats Creating monocultures reduces diversity Filling in ponds and draining wetlands removes habitats Overgrazing of land prevents regeneration of woodlands

Question 30

State 3 indirect negative impacts of agriculture

Answer 30

Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers reduces diversity Absence of intercropping and crop rotation leads to less nutrients in the soil and reduces diversity Escape of effluent from silage stores into water sources kills species and therefore reduces diversity

Question 31

List 10 positive conservation techniques that farmers should utilise

Answer 31

1. Plant hedges rather than fences for boundaries 2. Make and keep ponds 3. Use organic fertilisers 4. Use less pesticides 5. Use crop rotation with nitrogen fixing crops 6. Use intercropping rather than herbicides to control weeds 7. Create natural meadows using hay rather than grasses 8. Introduce conservation headlands where pesticides cant be used 9. Maintain ideally shaped hedgerows 10. Leave wet corners of fields rather than draining them

Question 32

What were the original use of hedgerows?

Answer 32

To create boundaries of fields and contain livestock

Question 33

Explain why farm sizes have had to increase recently

Answer 33

Because of machinery, more can be done so bigger fields are maintainable and to fit the machines bigger fields are needed

Question 34

Why are hedgerows being removed ?

Answer 34

To allow space for machinery and increase crop yield by using all the land to produce the crops Grants were available for the most productive land areas

Question 35

Why are hedgerows ideal to keep?

Answer 35

They increase species diversity and act as corridors for animals to move. Provide habitats and food sources

Question 36

Which has more consequences if removed? A hedgerow or a pond? Why?

Answer 36

A pond because they provide water to many species and also provide food and habitats to many species, whereas hedgerows only provides food and habitats Also ponds are more sparse and less prevelant so if removed habitats would be harder to find. Many of the species in a pond would be unable to relocate

Question 37

What are the 3 ways to investigate diversity?

Answer 37

Compare measurable or observable characteristics Compare base sequences of DNA Compare protein sequences of species