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PSYC 236 Midterm 2 > Chapter 10: Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Anorexia Nervosa

A

-Characterized by food restriction that leads to a significant low weight relative to a person’s age, height, and sex
-They also have a fear of gaining weight

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2
Q

Anorexia and the Middle Ages Described

A

-Behaviours were viewed positively

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3
Q

Bulimia Nervosa Defintion

A

Individuals experience episodes of binge eating= consume a large amount of food and feel out of control while they eat
-This then follows a period of food restriction
-After the binge, they try and compensate for what they have eaten= self induced vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or exercise

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4
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating
-Do not regularly engage in behaviours to try to compensate for binge eating

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5
Q

Eating Behaviours of Binge Eating

A

-A variety of eating behaviours:
Eating rapidly, eating until comfortably full, eating despite not being hungry, eating alone because of embarrassment and feeling guilt and disgust about binge eating

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6
Q

Feeding Disorders

A

Pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

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7
Q

Pica

A

Eating non food substance
-Dirt or paper

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8
Q

Rumination Disorder

A

Regurgitating food

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9
Q

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

A

-resembles anerexia
-Feeding disturbance that leads to being underweight and or an inability to eat enough food to meet nutritional/energy needs
-They do not perceive themselves as fat/do not have a distorted perception of their body weight or shape

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10
Q

Food Avoidance in ARFID

A

-Disinterest in eating
-Aversive sensory concerns about food (texture)
-Concerns about negative consequences of eating (choking, or becoming ill)

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11
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Intense fear of gaining weight, or of becoming fat
-Fear is paradoxical= they are underweight

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12
Q

Anorexia: Maintain low weight

A

-Restrict the amount of food they eat
-Begin with a reduction in the total number of calories consumed and avoidance of food that are high in calories

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13
Q

Forbidden Foods

A

-food they refuse to eat
-The belief that eating these feared/forbidden food will result in weight gain, and they might believe that this weight gain will occur right after eating

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14
Q

Anorexia: Other ways of Losing Weight

A

-Excessive exercise
-General restlessness (pacing back and forth)= driven to burn calories, or poor nutrition and starvation
-Purging behaviours (Self induced vomiting or abuse or laxatives

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15
Q

Objective binge eating episode

A

Involves eating an objectively large amount of food (larger than most) in a specific time period (less than 2 hours)

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16
Q

Subjective Binge eating episode

A

If the individual experiences loss of control over eating while consuming small or normal amounts of food

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17
Q

Anorexia: Body Disturbances

A

-Body dissatisfaction= view their overall body weight or shape to be unacceptable. Not liking a body part

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18
Q

Anorexia and self assessments of body

A

_repeated weighing, measuring body parts, constant checking their body shape in mirrors or other reflective surfaces

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19
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Episodes of objective binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours designed to prevent weight gain
-Yet they are not underweight

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20
Q

Behaviours of Bulimia

A

-Engage in objective binge eating episodes and compensatory behaviours (fasting and excessive exercise, purging)
-Vomiting and laxative abuse

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21
Q

Foods: Bulimia

A

Foods that are high in calories are consumed (pizza, cake, ice crea, etc)
-More calories from fat and carbs
-They consume forbidden foods

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22
Q

After binge eating

A

Feelings of physical discomfort
-Guilt, shame, and anxiety about weight gain

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23
Q

Cyclical Pattern: Bulimia

A

-After purging, they may begin another period of dieting or restriction, leaving them feeling hungry in addition to feeling guilty about purging
-Restriction, binge eating, purge

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24
Q

Binge eating occurs

A

In an attempt to escape from high levels of aversive self awareness
-They have high expectations of themselves, and often fail to meet high standards for themselves
-Awareness of their failure leads to feelings of anxiety and depression, and they become motivated to escape from negative state
-They shift focus away from perceived failure and toward the behaviour and positive sensations associated with eating

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25
Q

Negative emotions subside when

A

Person will purge

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26
Q

Difference between anorexia and bulimia

A

Is body weight
-Those with anorexia are underweight, people with bulimia are not underweight

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27
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Objective binge eating episodes
-There is no compensatory behaviour= purging after

28
Q

People with BED experience

A

Distress, eat very rapidly, eat large amounts even when not hungry, eat alone because of embarrassment about the amount they are eating, feel guilty or disgusted after binge eating episodes

29
Q

Similarities of BED, Anorexia, and Bulimia

A

-They still have weight and shape concerns

30
Q

DSM-5-TR and Anorexia

A

1) Restriction of energy intake leading to a body weight that is less than minimally normal/expected (BMI). Significant low weight= weight less than normal
2) Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistance behaviour that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight
3) Disturbance in the way in which one’s body or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight
4) Distortion in the experience of their body weight in self evaluation- don’t understand seriousness of underweight, determines worth based on shape, etc

31
Q

Restricting Type- DSM-5-TR

A

During the last 3 months, the individual has not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). This subtype describes presentations in which weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise.

32
Q

Binge-eating/purging Type: DSM-5-TR

A

During the last 3 months, the individual has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas).

33
Q

Bulimia- DSM-5TR

A

1) Recurrent episodes of binge eating:
-Eating in discrete, an amount of food larger than most
-Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (feeling that one cannot stop, etc

2) Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise.

3) The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months.

4) Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

5) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa.

34
Q

BED criteria

A

-Recurrent episodes of binge eating- do not engage in compensatory behaviours
-Eating very rapidly, eating until uncomfortably full
-Eating large amount of food even when not hungry
-Eating alone (embarrassment)
-Feeling disgusted, depressed, guilty after binges
-Must occur at least once per week for three months

35
Q

Other specified feeding or eating disorder

A

Encompasses eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet the specific criteria of anorexia, bulimia, or BED

36
Q

OSFED night eating syndrome

A

Repeated nocturnal eating (but not binge eating

37
Q

Unspecified feeding or eating disorder

A

Applies to individuals with eating disorder symptoms that causes distress and/or impairment, but do not meet criteria for any of the specified eating disorders

38
Q

Assessments for eating disorders

A

Structured or semi structured interview
-Eating Disorder Examination (EDE)

39
Q

EDE

A

Structured clinical interview for diagnosing eating disorders
-Provides numerical ratings of the frequency and severity of eating disorder symptoms

40
Q

Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI)

A

Developed to assess eating pathology dimensionally
-45 item self report inventory measures eight core yet distinct features of eating disorders (body dissatisfaction, binge eating, purging, cognitive restraint, excessive exercise, etc)

41
Q

Assessments of Eating Disorders

A

-Current and past history
-Interpersonal functioning and potential factors
-Absence or presence of other disorders
-Medical examination
-Self report questionnaires

42
Q

Physical and Psychological Complications- Anorexia

A

-Osteoporosis
-Cardiovascular problems
-Gastrointestinal
-Neurological
-Endocrine systems
-Decrease in fertility
-Amenorrhea (absence of periods)
-Skin problems
-Hair loss
-Langugo= a fine downy hair that may grow on the body to maintain body warmth
-Difficulty concentrating and irritability

43
Q

Issues with Bulimia and Binge Eating Disorder

A

-Dental problems (erosion of tooth enamel)= presence of stomach acid during vomiting
-Electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia (low potassium)
-Cardiovascular issues

44
Q

Soldier assessment results

A

-decrease in heart rate
-Increases in emotional instability (depression, etc)
-Difficulty concentrating, decreased sex drive
-Lethargy
-Dry skin and hair loss
-Increased on food= main topic of convo

45
Q

Genetic and Biological Factors

A

-Relationship between serotonin= role of serotonin in feeding, satiety, mood, and impulse control
-Dopaminergic dysfunction also investigated
-Puberty and the body changing can also be a factor
-Changs in sex hormones= estradiol in females can impact the expression of genes that affect eating disorders

46
Q

Sociocultural Factors

A

-Internalization of body image ideals. Thin ideal internalization is believed to be directly associated with body dissatisfaction

47
Q

Family Factors

A

-History of eating disorders were at higher risk for eating disorders
-Mothers’ concerns about their child’s weight

48
Q

Personality Traits

A

-Lower extraversion and higher perfectionism, neuroticism, negative urgency, avoidance motivation, sensitivity to social rewards, self directedness

49
Q

Anorexia and personality

A

-High levels of constraint, preservation, ridgity, and low levels of novelty seeking
-OCD

50
Q

Bulimia and Personality

A

-High impulsivity and novelty and sensation seeking
-Borderline personality disorder

51
Q

Personality Traits that place them at risk

A

Negative emotionality
Poor interoceptive awareness
neuroticism
Perfectionism
Negative schemas
Traumatic events

52
Q

Integrative Models

A

To describe the development and maintenance of eating disorders (example risk factors and maintenance factors)

53
Q

Risk factors

A

Refer to variables that occur prior to the onset of the disorder, and which predict the disorder’s onset

-Sociocultural variables (media exposure, internalization of the thin ideal)
-Psychological factors (perfectionism, negative emotionality)

54
Q

Maintenance factor

A

Is a variable that leads the symptoms to persist after the onset
-Negative affect= serves as this factor because these behaviours may relieve negative emotions

55
Q

Bulimia= Treatment

A

-Antidepressant medications, Fluoxetine (Prozac)
-Anti-convulsant drug topiramate (Tomamax)

56
Q

Treatment= Binge eating disorder

A

Antidepressant medications—including fluoxetine, fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram (Celexa), and sertraline (Zoloft)—have demonstrated good efficacy for BED. Sertraline appears to have particularly good results for BED.

57
Q

Anorexia and drugs

A

-Attempts to treat anorexia with pharmacological agents have not been successful

58
Q

Neurostimulation treatments

A

-Interventions that use energy (electricity or magnetism) to alter the functions of the nervous system

-Ex: deep brain stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

59
Q

rTMS

A

-Non invasive methods that uses electromagnetic induction to impact neural activity

60
Q

DBS

A

Involves the surgical implantation of electrodes into a particular brain area, which then receive electrical stimulation from a device that is implanted in the chest

61
Q

Dysfunctional Scheme for Self Evaluation

A

-Life leading to dysfunctional sceme for self evaluation: over evaluation of eating, shape, and weight and their control, or over evaluation of achieving “Perfectionism”

-Core low self esteem contributes to both overvaluation of eating, shame, and weight, and their control or over evaluation of achieving perfectionism

62
Q

Binge eating and CBT

A

-Regular eating
-Challenge dietary rules and expand the variety of foods they eat
-Have less biased perceptions of their body

63
Q

Interpersonal therapy

A

-the focus is on maladaptive personal relationships and ways of relating to others
-Therapist identifies which problem area is relevant to the patient- grief, role transitions, etc and to work to improve the client’s functioning in that area

64
Q

Nutritional Counselling

A

-Restore body weight

65
Q

family Therapy and Anorexia

A

Focusses on stresses within the family as a whole rather than on individuals and places responsibility for recovery on both the client and relatives

66
Q

Family Based Therapy (FBT) aka Maudsley approach

A

-initial focus on the eating disorder symptoms, with parents or caregivers playing a key role in managing the patient’s eating behaviours and weight gain (where relevant)
-As eating improves and weight approaches normal levels, the therapist helps the family to return control of eating to the adolescent

67
Q

Dissonance Based Interventions

A

Aim to create cognitive dissonance (discrepancy between beliefs and behaviours) by helping people learn to critique the thin ideal and motivate them to reduce behaviours aimed at pursuit of this ideal

PSYC 236 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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