Chapter 10: EEG

Question 1

Reticular Formation

Answer 1

Neuronal tracts (bundles of neurons) that emerge from brainstem
Are ‘excited’ during wakefulness
Are ‘inhibited’ during ‘sleep’

Question 2

EEG (electroencephalograph)

Answer 2

Measured by frequency in Hertz (Hz=cycles/sec)

Measured by amplitude in microvolts

Question 3

αlpha-Waves

Answer 3

(8-13 Hz)
Recorded in the parieto-occipital area,
Occur when awake, BUT resting with eyes closed and mind wandering.

Question 4

βeta-Waves

Answer 4

(14-30 Hz)
Frontal-parietal region,
Seen during mental activity and sensory stimulation, opening eyes.

Question 5

θ – (theta) Waves

Answer 5

(4-7 Hz)
Normal in children and sleeping adults,
Signals emotional distress or mental disorder(s) in awake adults.

Question 6

δelta-Waves

Answer 6

(~3 Hz)
Slow waves, high in amplitude,
Awake infants and adults in deep sleep,
In awake adults represents severe brain damage.

Question 7

Cyanolabe

Answer 7

Blue

Question 8

Chlorolabe

Answer 8

Green

Question 9

Erythrolabe

Answer 9

Red

Question 10

Parietal Lobe Lesions

Answer 10

Become ‘unaware’ of the contra-lateral side

‘Neglect syndrome’ Attending to only one side of the body such as shaving or applying make-up to only one side.

Question 11

Temporal Lobe Lesions

Answer 11

memory loss

Results in agnosia, the inability to recognize, identify or name familiar objects

Prosopagnosia inability to identify familiar faces, even his/her own.

Question 12

Frontal Lobe Lesions

Answer 12

loss of ‘judgement’

Individuals may feel ‘disconnected’ from society,

Are unable to plan or execute appropriate behavior, expression or emotions.

Question 13

Vision (Optic Nerve, II)

Answer 13

White or Black ‘light’ is detected by rods (cells) in retina,

Color is detected by cones (cells) in retina,

Occipital lobe integrates visual information to make ‘images’.

Question 14

Sound and Balance (cranial nerve VIII, Vestibulocochlear Nerve)

Answer 14

Cochlea detects sound – air (or water) waves vibrate tympanic membrane,

Semicircular canals – detect rotation and head movement (balance),

Temporal lobe integrates sound and balance

Question 15

Smell (cranial nerve I, Olfactory)

Answer 15

Specialized neuron in olfactory mucosa – detect chemicals which the frontal lobe interprets as odorants or smells.

Question 16

Taste (cranial nerves V, IX Trigeminal/Spinal accessory)

Answer 16

Specialized neuron in papilla of tongue – detect chemicals which our parietal lobe interprets as salty, sweet, sour, bitter or umami.

Question 17

Somatic Sensation

Answer 17

Exteroreceptors detect stimuli in skin, tendons and muscle
Interoreceptors detect stimulin viscera (internal organs)
Propioceptors detect stimuli related to posture

Question 18

Receptors can detect different modalities

Answer 18

Nociceptors can detect ‘pain’ (K+ in area of injury)

Mechanoreceptors can detect vibration, pressure, depression of skin

Question 19

Mechanoreceptors include:

Answer 19

Hair receptors – detect movement of hair in the follicle
Lamellar corpuscles – detect vibration, pressure, tickle
Muscle spindle organs – stretch of muscles
Tendon organs – stretch of tendons

Question 20

Postcentral Gyrus

Answer 20

Primary Sensory Cortex, ‘deliver’ sensory information from body.

Question 21

Primary sensory area

Answer 21

postcentral gyrus,

Part of cortex that firsts ‘receives’ sensory information

Question 22

Secondary association area

Answer 22

Located in parietal lobe (posterior to postcentral gyrus),

Integrates sensory information from other parts of brain
Interprets sounds, objects we see, proprioception (Position of limbs), taste and smell

Makes us aware of sensation from exteroreceptors and interoreceptors to interpret.

Question 23

Can a brain injury, tumor or chemical imbalance affect behavior?

Answer 23

YES: Phineas Gage 1848 Accident

Damage to the frontal lobe, change in behavior.

Question 24

Anterograde memory loss

Answer 24

Was unable to store any new memories,

But all other cognitive faculties seemed to be intact.

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

Involved in memory consolidation

Question 26

Superior temporal lobe

Answer 26

Involved in storage of vocabulary, familiar objects and faces

Question 27

What part of the human brain is responsible for new memories?

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

What about old memories stored?

Answer 28

Temporal lobe ‘stores’ memories related to sound and faces, | Frontal lobe stores ‘social’ memories.

Question 29

Cognition and Perception

Answer 29

Thinking | Concerned with integration of sensory and stored information (memory)

Question 30

Integration in ‘Higher’ Brain areas

Answer 30

Receive sensory information, check it with memory and ‘decide’

Question 31

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

Responsible for judgment, Intent and control of emotions, Allows us to plan, and to behave ‘appropriately’. Involved in memories that influence learned behavior and attitudes toward social roles, These can be learned through out a life-time.

Question 32

Amygdala (part of limbic system)

Answer 32

Site from which ‘basic’ emotions are generated, Basic ‘primitive’ emotions such as: Fear, anger, aggression, Pleasure, pain (emotional), love, yearning Sexual activity, food intake, water intake (also hypothalamus).

Question 33

Neurotransmitters that affect ‘mood’

Answer 33

Serotonin Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Epineprhine (adrenaline) Endorphins

Question 34

Receptors are located in different parts of the brain

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Language

Answer 35

Includes sensory (afferent): Reading, Listening, Touching (braille), Includes motor (efferent): Speaking, Writing, ``` Includes integration (parietal lobe): Understanding the meaning of words, ``` ``` Includes memory (temporal lobe): Recalling the meaning of a word ```

Question 36

Wernicke’s Area (Left hemisphere if you are right handed)

Answer 36

Integrates sensory information related to language, Responsible for recognition of spoken and written language, Association area responsible for learned language, names of objects, and grammar rules. is an affective sensory language area: Involved in understanding emotional content of someone else’s speech, Interpretation of ‘speech emotion’.

Question 37

Broca’s Area (Left hemisphere if you are right handed)

Answer 37

Association motor area to produce spoken or written language, Generates ‘motor program’ for muscles of larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips to produce speech, or of arm and fingers to write speech, This area sends the ‘information’ to primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus) to ‘execute’ the speaking and/or writting Ability to express emotion in speech, Lesions may result in: Aprosodia which is flat, emotionless speech.

Question 38

Upper Motor neuron

Answer 38

Brain cortex to brain stem and spinal cord

Question 39

Lower Motor neuron

Answer 39

from brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscle for contraction

Question 40

Precentral gyrus

Answer 40

Primary Motor Cortex, ‘deliver’ motor information to body

Question 41

Decussation

Answer 41

Axons of upper motor neurons cross to other side at the neck.