Chapter 10 - Emotional Development

Question 1

Explain the functional approach to emotions.

Answer 1

according to the functional approach, emotions are useful because they help people adapt to their environment, ex. fear is adaptive because it organizes your behavior around an important goal: avoiding danger

Question 2

basic emotions

Answer 2

experienced by people worldwide, and each consists of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior, consist of happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, and fear

Question 3

social referencing

Answer 3

when infants in an unfamiliar or ambiguous environment often look at their mother or father, as if searching for cues to help them interpret the situation

Question 4

display rules

Answer 4

culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons

Question 5

self-conscious emotions

Answer 5

complex emotions that involve feelings of success when one’s standards or expectations are met and feelings of failure when they aren’t, don’t surface until 18 to 24 months of age, because they depend on the child having some understanding of the self, ex. shame, guilt, and embarrassment

Question 6

Bowlby’s 4 Phases in the Growth of Attachment

Answer 6

1. Preattachment
2. Attachment in the making
3. True attachment
4. Reciprocal relationships

Question 7

What are infants preference of parent for playing? when distressed?

Answer 7

given the opportunity to play with mothers or fathers, infants more often choose their fathers, when infants are distressed, mothers are preferred

Question 8

Explain the evolutionary perspective of attachment.

Answer 8

Bowlby: children who form an attachment; an enduring social-emotional relationship to an adult, are more likely to survive, evolutionary perspective

Question 9

Preattachment

Answer 9

1st stage, (birth to 6–8 weeks), during prenatal development and soon after birth, infants rapidly learn to recognize their mothers by smell and sound, which sets the stage for forging an attachment relationship

Question 10

Attachment in the making

Answer 10

(6–8 weeks to 6–8 months), babies begin to behave differently in the presence of familiar caregivers and unfamiliar adults, more easily consoled by the primary caregiver, babies are gradually identifying the primary caregiver as the person they can depend on when they’re anxious or distressed

Question 11

True attachment

Answer 11

(6–8 months to 18 months). By approximately 7 or 8 months, most infants have singled out the attachment figure—usually the mother—as a special individual, the attachment figure is now the infant’s stable socialemotional base

Question 12

Reciprocal relationships

Answer 12

(18 months on), infants’ growing cognitive and language skills and their accumulated experience with their primary caregiver make infants better able to act as true partners in the attachment relationship, they take the initiative in interactions and negotiate with parents, begin to understand parents’ feelings and goals, and sometimes use this knowledge to guide their own behavior, they cope with separation more effectively because they can anticipate that parents will return

Question 13

The Strange Situation

Answer 13

pioneered the study of attachment relationships using a procedure that has come to be known as the Strange Situation, the mother and infant enter an unfamiliar room filled with interesting toys, the mother leaves briefly, then mother and baby are reunited, the experimenter observes the baby, recording its response to both events

Question 14

Ainsworth’s 4 Types of Attachment Relationships

Answer 14

1. Secure attachment; baby may or may not cry when the mother leaves, but when she returns, the baby wants to be with her and if the baby is crying, it stops, 60 to 65% of American babies have
   secure attachment relationships
2. Avoidant attachment; baby is not visibly upset when the mother leaves and, when she returns, may ignore her by looking or turning away, 20% of American infants have avoidant attachment relationships
3. Resistant attachment; baby is upset when the mother leaves and remains upset or even angry when she returns, and is difficult to console, 10 to 15% of American babies have this resistant attachment relationship
4. Disorganized (disoriented) attachment, baby seems confused when the mother leaves and, when she returns, seems not to really understand what’s happening

Question 15

the Attachment Q-Set

Answer 15

trained observers watch mothers and children interact at home, the observer rates the interaction on many attachment-related behaviors, ratings are totaled to provide a measure of the security of the child’s attachment

Question 16

Adult Attachment Interview

Answer 16

1. Secure adults; describe childhood experiences objectively and value the impact of the parent–child relationship on their development
2. Dismissive adults; sometimes deny the value of childhood experiences and sometimes are unable to recall those experiences precisely, yet they often idealize their parents
3. Preoccupied adults describe childhood experiences emotionally and often express anger or confusion regarding relationships with their parents

Question 17

How can parents achieve a baby with secure attachment?

Answer 17

a secure attachment is most likely when parents respond to infants predictably and appropriately, high responsiveness

Question 18

internal working model

Answer 18

infants develop a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsiveness, both generally and in times of stress