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Genetics > Chapter 10: Evolutionary Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Evolutionary Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Who said, ‘Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution’?

A

Theodosius Dobzhansky

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2
Q
  • one of the foundations of evolution;
  • recognized by Darwin as the key to understand evolution
A

Genetics

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3
Q

the unit of evolution

A

population

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4
Q

a group of individuals of the same species

A

population

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5
Q

A series of partial or complete and irreversible transformations of the genetic structure of a population based principally on altered interaction with the environment.

A

Organic evolution

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6
Q

Chance processes, interacting with a changing environment, generated complex structures and organs that now have purposes which were not planned or designed.

A

Organic evolution

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7
Q

Requirements for Evolution (3)

A
  • heritable variation
  • limited environmental opportunities
  • changing environments
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8
Q

Forces that modify gene frequencies in populations (5)

A
  • mutations
  • migration
  • natural selection
  • genetic drift
  • gene recombination
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9
Q

a genetic mechanism that is not perfect but produces offspring that are sometimes slightly different from their parent/s

A

heritable variation

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10
Q

Insufficient resources for all individuals to survive and reproduce, leading to competition for necessary resources.

A

limited environmental opportunities

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11
Q

as conditions change, different individuals are best able to survive and reproduce.

A

changing environments

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12
Q

Forces that modify gene frequencies in populations maintain a state of dynamic balance through __ and
__ of genes

A
  • inflow
  • outflow
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13
Q

A force within a population that increases variability

A

mutation

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14
Q

A force that adds genetic variability to a population

A

migration

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15
Q
  • decreases genetic variability through elimination of unfavorable mutations
  • results in the perpetuation of those life forms having favorable characteristics that enable them to adapt to a specific environment
A

natural selection

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16
Q

a force that results in the chance elimination of genotypes due to small population size

A

genetic drift

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17
Q

a force causes the reshuffling of genes to produce new gene combinations for acceptance or rejection by selective forces of evolution

A

gene recombination

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18
Q

Processes driving divergence:
produces new genes into a population (2)

A
  • mutation
  • migration
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19
Q

Processes driving divergence: alter the frequency of genes that already exist in the population (3)

A
  • natural selection
  • sexual selection
  • genetic drift
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20
Q

ancestral canine –> thousands to millions of years of natural selection –> (5)

A
  • African wild dog
  • Coyote
  • Fox
  • Wolf
  • Jackal
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21
Q
  • a change in a population’s gene pool over a succession of generations
  • Occurs over relatively brief period of time (not millions of years)
A

microevolution

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22
Q
  • total collection of genes in a population at any give time
  • Reservoir from which members of next generation derive their genes
A

gene pool

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23
Q

Causes of Microevolution

A
  • Bottleneck effect
  • Founder effect
24
Q

genetic drift that results from event that drastically reduces population size

A

bottleneck effect

25
Q
  • A population __ is essentially the same phenomenon as the __ __, except that the entire species is wiped out leaving a small group of survivors.
  • The allele frequencies in the survivors determine the allele frequencies in the population after it grows large once again.
A
  • bottleneck
  • founder effect
26
Q

Pingalop Atoll is an island in the South Pacific. A typhoon in 1780 killed all but 30 people. One of the survivors was a man who was heterozygous for the recessive genetic disease achromatopsia. This condition caused complete
color blindness. Today the island has about 2000 people on it, nearly all descended from these 30 survivors. About 10% of the population is homozygous for achromatopsia. What phenomenon is this?

A

Bottleneck effect

27
Q

The __ population is thought to have gone through
a population bottleneck about 100,000 years ago. There is
more genetic variation among __ living within 30 miles of each other in central Africa than there is in the entire human species.

A
  • human
  • chimpanzees
28
Q
  • random change in gene pool that occurs in a small colony of a population
  • A type of genetic drift
  • Over time, random changes in allele frequencies will continue until population is large enough that genetic drift is minimal
A

founder effect

29
Q
  • the Amish are a group descended from 30 Swiss founders who renounced technological progress. Most Amish mates within the group. One of the founders had Ellis-van Crevald syndrome, which causes short stature, extra fingers and toes, and heart defects. Today about 1 in 200 Amish are homozygous for this syndrome, which is very rare in the larger US population.
  • Note the effect inbreeding has here: the problem comes from this recessive condition becoming homozygous due to the mating of closely related people.
  • What phenomenon is this?
A

Founder effect

30
Q

Three Evolutionary Patterns (3)

A
  • divergent evolution
  • convergent evolution
  • parallel evolution
31
Q
  • occurs when members of a species are placed in different environmental conditions. The population can diverge into radically different lines, each modified for a specific ecological niche.
  • members of this population may gradually develop into different species with no particular point in time for their separation
A

divergent evolution

32
Q

*refers to the development of superficial resemblances between organisms of different ancestries. These groups, which are unrelated by descent but living under similar environmental conditions can exhibit similarities in habits and general appearances.

A

convergent evolution

33
Q

akin, yet distinguishable from convergence. Here, two organisms acquire similar characteristics independently of one another, but have stemmed from related ancestries

A

parallel evolution

34
Q

Modes of selection (3)

A
  • directional selection
  • stabilizing selection
  • disruptive selection
35
Q

The color change that English peppered moths underwent during the 1800s is a classic example of __ __. Before the Industrial Revolution took place in England in the late 1700s, light-colored English peppered moths that blended with the lichen-covered bark of trees were far more prevalent than dark-colored English peppered moths. However, pollution from the Industrial Revolution killed the lichen on trees, leaving their dark bark exposed, and the contrasting light-colored moths became easy prey for birds. The dark English peppered moths, camouflaged on the dark bark, soon became far more common than the lighter varieties in polluted areas.

A

directional selection

36
Q

Sometimes natural selection operates to prevent change in a population. This type of natural selection, called __ __, may explain why some organisms have remained virtually the same for hundreds of millions of years. For example, the horseshoe crab, often referred to as a living fossil, has remained essentially unchanged for approximately 500 million years.

A

stabilizing selection

37
Q

What mode of selection happened to African swallowtail (Papilio Dardanus) where black and white variety (female mimics an unpalatable species), white variety (male and female species are palatable and does not mimic any unpalatable species, orange and black (female mimic a different unpalatable species. Over time, the population of those with white wings decreased.

palatability - the preference an animal has for a particular feed when offered a choice.

A

disruptive selection

38
Q

Occasionally natural selection favors two extremes, causing alleles for intermediate forms of a trait to become less common in the gene pool. What more of selection?

A

disruptive selection

39
Q

anatomical features that have a similar basic structure or origin, indicating common ancestry.

A

homologous structures

40
Q

anatomical features that have similar functions or purposes but different evolutionary origins. These structures arise independently in different species due to similar environmental pressures or adaptive needs.

A

analogous structures

41
Q

the process of splitting a genetically homogenous population into two or more populations that undergo genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation.

A

speciation

42
Q

suggests that speciation is a microevolutionary event resulting from the gradual accumulation of many small gene differences over time under the influence of natural selection.

A

phyletic gradualism

43
Q

Phyletic gradualism suggests that speciation is a microevolutionary event resulting from the __ __ of many __ __ __ over time under the influence of natural selection.

A
  • gradual accumulation
  • small gene differences
44
Q

refers to speciation events that occur suddenly and intermittently, often as stochastic (Refers to random processes or events that influence evolutionary change, e.g. genetic drift) or catastrophic events rather than gradual accumulation.

A

Quantum Speciation

45
Q

implies that the divergence between populations happens randomly, perhaps due to chance events like the isolation of populations or genetic mutations that lead to reproductive barriers.

A

stochastic speciation

46
Q

speciation can occur gradually over time due to random genetic drift or other stochastic processes, without the need for a specific selective pressure or environmental change.

A

stochastic speciation

47
Q

describes a scenario where speciation is driven by sudden and dramatic environmental changes or events.

A

catastrophic speciation

48
Q

Models of quantum speciation (2)

A
  • Punctuated Equilibrium
  • Founder-flush theory
49
Q

A model of quantum speciation suggests that evolution occurs in spurts, punctuating long periods of stasis during which little or no change occurs. It is supported by evidence from the fossil record.

A

Punctuation Equilibrium

50
Q

What evidence supports Punctuated Equilibrium?

A

Evidence from the fossil record shows evolutionary spurts that punctuate periods of stasis, causing abrupt changes in the fossil records.

51
Q

A model of quantum speciation that proposes that genetic evolution is different in populations founded by a small number of individuals that subsequently grow rapidly.

A

Founder-Flush Theory

52
Q

A model of quantum speciation that suggests that the genetic makeup of populations founded by a small number of individuals undergoes rapid change, potentially leading to speciation.

A

Founder-Flush Theory

53
Q
  • Speciation occurs gradually and stasis is apparent rather than real.
  • transitional links should be found
  • an ancestral species can be transformed into new species
A

phyletic gradualism

54
Q
  • speciation occurs rapidly and then a species experiences stasis
  • transitional links will not be necessarily be found
  • a subpopulation of the ancestral species becomes new species
A

punctuated equilibrium

55
Q

Models of Speciation (Recent, most developed) (3)

A
  • Allopatric speciation
  • Sympatric speciation
  • Statispatric speciation
56
Q
A

Genetics (18 decks)

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