Chapter 10 Final Exam

Question 1

Define aggression and describe its different forms.

Answer 1

Physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm

Hostile Aggression: Aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure

Instrumental Aggression:Aggression that is a means to some other end

Physical Aggression: hurting someone else’s body
Social Aggression: hurting feelings, cyber bullying

Question 2

What are some biological theories of aggression?

Answer 2

Innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
Aggression improved odds of survival and reproduction
Social Aggression
Physical Aggression
Hostile Aggression
Instrumental Aggression

Question 3

Neural Influences

Answer 3

Neural influences
Complex behavior
No one spot in the brain controls it
Abnormal brains can contribute to abnormally aggressive behavior

Question 4

Genetic Influences

Answer 4

Heredity influences the neural system’s sensitivity to aggressive cues
Temperament
Observed in infancy, genetically based

Question 5

Biochemical influences.

Answer 5

Alcohol
Testosterone
Poor diet
Biology and behavior interact

Question 6

How is aggression a response to frustration? Describe frustration-aggression theory.

Answer 6

Frustration: Blocking of goal-directed behavior

Fustration-Aggression Theory: The theory that fustrations triggers a readiness to aggress

Question 7

What is relative deprivation?

Answer 7

Relative deprivation
Frustration arises from the gap between expectations and attainments

Perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself
Explains why happiness tends to be lower and crime rates higher in communities and nations with large income inequality

Question 8

What is displacement

Answer 8

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the fustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target.

Question 9

What are some examples of rewards individuals experience through aggressive behavior?

Answer 9

Through experience and by observing others, we learn that aggression often pays-
aggressive bullys learn that they are imitading and yield more power.
Hockey players who are aggressive score more goals

Question 10

How does social learning theory relate to aggression? Describe the Bobo Doll experiment

Answer 10

We learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished.
We learn aggression by not only experienceing its payoffs but by observing others.
Bobo Doll kids saw agressive behavior; it was perceived as being more enjoyable than the tinker toys

Question 11

What are the four aversive incidents which can act as a recipe for aggression? Explain each one.

Answer 11

Physical pain: can cause outburst , hostile behavior (stubbing toe) \Psychological pain: is a fustration

Heat: can cause fustration and trigger a response of retaliation based on attack (honking horn in hot car when someone cuts you off)

Attacks: Intentional attacks breed retalitory attacks.

Arousal: A given state of bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another, depending on how the person interprets and labels the arousal

Question 12

How does arousal affect aggression?

Answer 12

A state of arousal can be intepreted in different ways depending on the context. It fuels emotions

Question 13

How do aggression cues influence aggressive behavior?

Answer 13

Violence is more likely when aggressive cues release pent-up anger.

Question 14

What are some ways pornography influences sexual violence?

Answer 14

Studies confirm that exposure to pornography increases acceptance of the rape myth. Distorts one’s perception of how women actually respond to sexual coercion. Increases men’s aggression towards women

Question 15

Does TV viewing influence aggression? Explain why or why not.

Answer 15

It is a risk factor in predicting aggressive behavior but many factors have to be consider when evalutaing.

Question 16

. What effects do violent video games have on kids?

Answer 16

Increases aggressive behaviors
Increases aggressive thoughts
Increases aggressive feelings
Decreases helping others 
Decreases empathy for others
Desensitized to violence

Question 17

How do group influences affect aggressive behavior?

Answer 17

Can amplify aggressive reactions partly by diffusing responsibility.
Social contagion: Young gangs, soccer fans, urban rioters, bullying

Question 18

What is catharsis and how does it related to aggression?

Answer 18

Aggressive drive is reduced when one “releases” aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression.
However, contrary to the catharsis hypothesis, expressing aggression by catharsis tends to breed further aggression, not reduce it

Question 19

How can aggression be reduced through a social learning approach?

Answer 19

Controlling aggression by counteracting the factors that provoke it
Reducing aversive stimulation
Rewarding nonaggression
Modeling nonaggression
Eliciting reactions incompatible with aggression