Chapter 10 Flash Cards

Question 1

What are the structures that protect the spinal cord?

Answer 1

vertebral column, vertebral ligaments, meninges, and CSF.

Question 2

What is the outermost layer of the meninges called? tough and dense.

Answer 2

dura mater.

Question 3

What is the space between the dura mater and vertebral column?

Answer 3

epidural space

Question 4

What is the middle layer of meninges, whose arrangements of collagen and elastic fibers resembles a spider web called?

Answer 4

arachnoid mater

Question 5

the inner layer of the meninges, that is thin and delicate and adheres to the surface of spinal cord and brain is called what?

Answer 5

Pia matter

Question 6

what is the space where CSF circulates that is between the arachnoid and pia mater called?

Answer 6

subarachnoid space.

Question 7

where does the spinal cord extend to and from?

Answer 7

lowest part of brain, the medulla oblongata to the upper border of the L2.

Question 8

what are the two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres?

Answer 8

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus.

Question 9

this space is filled with CSF and is located in the center of the gray matter

Answer 9

Central canal

Question 10

how many pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 10

31

Question 11

What are the two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of cord called

Answer 11

roots

Question 12

this root contains only sensory axons, which conduct nerve impusles from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS.

Answer 12

Posterior (dorsal) root

Question 13

what is the swelling that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons of the posterior root called?

Answer 13

posterior root ganglion

Question 14

what does the anterior root of the spinal nerves contain?

Answer 14

axons and motor neurons (autonomic and somatic) which conduct never impulses from the CNS to the effectors.

Question 15

major function of white matter

Answer 15

has tracts that serve as highways for never impulses.

Question 16

major function of gray matter

Answer 16

receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information is a site for integration reflexes.

Question 17

what is contained in the gray matter

Answer 17

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

Question 18

how is the gray matter divided?

Answer 18

subdivided into left and right regions called horns. named relative to their location.

Question 19

what does the posterior horn contain?

Answer 19

cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

Question 20

what does the anterior (ventral) horn contain

Answer 20

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles.

Question 21

what does the lateral gray horn contain

Answer 21

is only present in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments and contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

Question 22

What does white matter consist of?

Answer 22

myelinated axons and is organized into columns

Question 23

each column of the white matter contains one or more ______________ which are bundles of axons

Answer 23

tracts

Question 24

sensory (ascending) tracts, consist of what

Answer 24

axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain.

e.g spinothalamic tract

Question 25

motor (descending) tracts consist of what?

Answer 25

axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain e.g. corticospinal tract

Question 26

these are fast involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli and they can be simple or complex.

Answer 26

reflexes

Question 27

if a integration of a reflex occurs in the spinal cord gray matter, what is the reflex called

Answer 27

spinal reflex. e.g. patellar reflex.

Question 28

Which nervous system are spinal nerves a part of?

Answer 28

the peripheral nervous system

Question 29

name the distribution of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves according to the vertebral column from which they emerge.(number of spinal nerves in each section)

Answer 29

``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccyx ```

Question 30

how are the spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord

Answer 30

by the anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) root.

Question 31

sensory information goes through which root

Answer 31

the dorsal root

Question 32

motor information goes through which root

Answer 32

anterior

Question 33

what are the layers of connective tissue protective coverings

Answer 33

individual axons wrapped in endoneurium groups of axons in bundles called fascicles fascicles wrapped in perineurium

Question 34

the superficial covering over the entire nerve is called what

Answer 34

epineurium

Question 35

what is the network of spinal nerve branches and adjacent nerves called?

Answer 35

plexuses

Question 36

this plexus supplies posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm

Answer 36

cervical plexus

Question 37

this plexus supplies to the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles

Answer 37

brachial plexus

Question 38

this plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs

Answer 38

lumbar plexus

Question 39

this plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum, and MOST of the lower limbs

Answer 39

sacral plexus

Question 40

four major parts of the brain

Answer 40

brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum

Question 41

what are the layers of cranial meninges

Answer 41

dura matter-outter arachnoid mater- middle layer pia mater- inner layer

Question 42

the brain is 2% of the body's weight but requires how much of the bodys oxygen supply?

Answer 42

20%

Question 43

what is the circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries

Answer 43

"Circle of Willis"

Question 44

what is the blood brain barrier and what is its function

Answer 44

tightly sealed blood capillaries and astrocytes that allow passage of 02, CO2,, alcohol, and anesthesia.

Question 45

What is CSF?

Answer 45

clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals.

Question 46

Where is CFS in the brain?

Answer 46

circulated through subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, central canal, and through cavities in the brain called ventricles.

Question 47

where is CFS produced?

Answer 47

the choroid plexus located in the brain

Question 48

how is CFS reabsorbed into the blood?

Answer 48

through the arachnoid villi

Question 49

parts of the brain stem

Answer 49

continuous with spinal cord, contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

Question 50

the location and parts of the diencephalon

Answer 50

superior to the brain stem. contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.

Question 51

location and function of the cerebellum

Answer 51

means "little brain"; lies posterior and inferior functions for balance and equilibrium and coordination

Question 52

what is the largest and most superior part of the brain

Answer 52

cerebrum

Question 53

the medulla oblongata forms what part of the brain stem and is a continuation of the spinal cord

Answer 53

inferior part of the brain stem

Question 54

what part of the brain stem has white matter that contains all sensory and motor tracts between spinal cord and brain

Answer 54

medulla oblongata

Question 55

the medulla contains two major nuclei (masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another). What are they?

Answer 55

cardiovascular center Medullary respiratory center additionally, nuclei associated with sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception are in the posterior section.

Question 56

the nuclei in the medulla are associated with what five pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 56

``` vestibulocochlear VIII glossopharyngeal IX vagus X spinal accessory XI and hypoglossal XII ```

Question 57

What is the "bridge" that connects the medulla to the midbrain above?

Answer 57

the pons

Question 58

the pons contains nuclei associated with which cranial nerve?

Answer 58

V Trigeminal

Question 59

this structure connects the pons to the diencephalon

Answer 59

midbrain

Question 60

name some of the tracts, neurons, and nuclei in the midbrain

Answer 60

``` cerebral peduncles sustantia nigra red nuclei nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV superior colliculi, inferior colliculi ```

Question 61

what are the major regions of the diencephalon

Answer 61

thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland

Question 62

three functions of the thalamus

Answer 62

major sensory relay center contributes to motor function plays role in consciousness

Question 63

what is the location of the hypothalamus

Answer 63

lies inferior to the thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland. important for homeostasis

Question 64

6 functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 64

1) control of the ANS 2) control of pituitary and hormone production 3) regulation of emotional and behavior patterns 4) regulation of eating and drinking 5) control of body temperature 6) regulation of circadian rhythms and state of consciousness

Question 65

location of the the pineal gland

Answer 65

is about the size of a small pea and protrudes from the posterior midline of the third ventricle

Question 66

why is the pineal gland part of the endocrine system?

Answer 66

because it secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body's biological clock.

Question 67

why is the cerebellum have a tree like appearance?

Answer 67

the surface of the cerebellum, called the cerebellar cortex is gray mater. beneath the cortex is white matter (arbor vitae) that resembles the branches of a tree.

Question 68

functions of the cerebellum

Answer 68

receives sensory inputs from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium receptors in inners ears and visual receptors. compares actual movements with intended ones helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions regulates posture and balance is is essential for all skilled motor activities from catching a baseball to dancing.

Question 69

structure of the cerebrum

Answer 69

longitudinal fissure that divides into R and L hemispheres Corpus Callosum (HARD BODY), which is a band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left spheres internally. cerebrum layers

Question 70

the four lobes of the brain

Answer 70

frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe

Question 71

the superficial layer of the cerebrum is covered in what

Answer 71

grey matter... is called the cortex

Question 72

the layers of the cerebrum

Answer 72

cortex white matter basal ganglia

Question 73

what are the folds of cerebrum called

Answer 73

gyri (gyrus)

Question 74

what are the shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?

Answer 74

sulci (sulcus)

Question 75

what is the basal ganglia

Answer 75

consists of 3 deep gray nuclei (globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus) assists in motor control, emotions, behavior, executive function The exception to ganglia generally in the PNS not the CNS

Question 76

what separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?

Answer 76

central sulcus

Question 77

where is the precentral gyrus and what does it control?

Answer 77

anterior to the central sulcus. Primary motor area

Question 78

where is the postcentral gyrus and what does it control?

Answer 78

posterior to the central sulcus. primary somatosensory area

Question 79

what is sometimes referred to as the "emotional brain"

Answer 79

the limbic system

Question 80

what the the different types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 80

sensory areas- areas involved in perception motor areas association areas- complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits and intelligence.

Question 81

sensory input to the cerebral cortex flows mainly to which half of the cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 81

posterior half.

Question 82

where is the primary somatosensory area?

Answer 82

posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe.

Question 83

where is the primary visual area located?

Answer 83

the occipital lobe.

Question 84

which lobe is the primary auditory area located?

Answer 84

the temporal lobe.

Question 85

where is the primary gustatory (taste) area?

Answer 85

base of postcentral gyrus.

Question 86

where is the primary olfactory (smell) area located?

Answer 86

medial aspect of temporal lobe.

Question 87

motor output from the cerebral cortex flows mainly from where?

Answer 87

the anterior part of each hemisphere.

Question 88

the PRIMARY motor area is located where in each hemisphere?

Answer 88

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere.

Question 89

each region in the primary motor area controls voluntary contraction of specific muscles on which side of the body?

Answer 89

opposite

Question 90

What is the role of association areas?

Answer 90

complex integration of memory, emotion, reasoning, and judgement and interpreting the information.

Question 91

how are association areas connected?

Answer 91

adjacent to sensory and motor areas and connected via association tracs.

Question 92

What are two examples of association areas?

Answer 92

somatosensory association area: 1) posterior to primary somatosensory area. 2) integrates and interprets somatic sensations: storage of memories of past sensory experiences premotor area a) generates never impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence.

Question 93

Which hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning.

Answer 93

left hemisphere

Question 94

which hemisphere of the brain is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of languages, generating images of sight, sound, taste and smell.

Answer 94

right side.

Question 95

What are all the structure of the brain that are involved with memory?

Answer 95

association areas of the all lobes; parts of the limbic system and diencephalon.

Question 96

Besides the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; parts of the limbic system, and diencephalon, which other areas are involved with SKILL memory?

Answer 96

cerebellum and basal ganglia