Chapter 10: Homeostasis

Question 1

The _________________ consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Answer 1

Excretory system

Question 2

The ___________ is the kidney’s outermost layer.

Answer 2

Cortex

Question 3

The ___________ of the kidney sits within the cortex.

Answer 3

Medulla

Question 4

Each kidney has a renal _________, which is a deep slit in the centre of its medial surface.

Answer 4

Hilum

Question 5

The widest part of the ureter, the _______________, spans almost the entire width of the renal hilum.

Answer 5

Renal pelvis

Question 6

The renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter and exit through the _____________.

Answer 6

Renal hilum

Question 7

The renal artery branches out, passes through the medulla, and enters the cortex as __________________.

Answer 7

Afferent arterioles

Question 8

The highly convoluted capillary tufts derived from the afferent arterioles (from renal artery) are known as ______________.

Answer 8

Glomeruli

Question 9

After blood passes through a glomerulus, the ______________ then form a second capillary bed.

Answer 9

Efferent arterioles

Question 10

The capillaries from the second capillary bed (from efferent arterioles) surround the loop of Henle and are known as _______________.

Answer 10

Vasa recta

Question 11

Around the glomerulus is a cup-like structure known as _________________.

Answer 11

Bowman’s capsule

Question 12

The bladder has a muscular lining known as the ________________.

Answer 12

Detrusor muscle

Question 13

In order to leave the body, urine must pass through two sphincters - the ___________________ and _________________.

Answer 13

• Internal urethral sphincter
• External urethral sphincter

Question 14

The _________________, consisting of smooth muscle, is contracted in its normal state. It is under involuntary control.

Answer 14

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 15

The ________________ consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control.

Answer 15

External urethral sphincter

Question 16

When bladder is full, stretch receptors convey to nervous system that the bladder requires emptying. This causes parasympathetic neurons to fire, and the detrusor muscle contracts. This contraction also causes the internal sphincter to relax. This reflex is known as the ________________.

Answer 16

Micturition reflex

Question 17

Kidney function may be divided into three different processes: ___________, ___________, and _______________.

Answer 17

• Filtration
• Secretion
• Reabsorption

Question 18

The nephron’s first function is _____________.

Answer 18

Filtration

Question 19

In the kidneys, approximately 20% of the blood that passes through the glomerulus is filtered as fluid into Bowman’s space. The collected fluid is known as the ____________.

Answer 19

Filtrate

Question 20

The movement of fluid into Bowman’s space is governed by _______________, which account for the pressure differentials in both hydrostatic and oncotic pressures between the blood and Bowman’s space.

Answer 20

Starling forces

Question 21

The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is significantly (higher?/lower?)______________ than that in Bowman’s space, which causes fluid to move into the nephron.

Answer 21

Higher

Question 22

Ammonia is a byproduct of the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds and, as a base, can disturb the pH of blood and cells. The liver converts the ammonia to ___________, a neutral compound, which travels to the kidney and is secrete into the nephron for excretion in the urine.

Answer 22

Urea

Question 23

_____________ is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 23

Filtration

Question 24

_____________ is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 24

Secretion

Question 25

_____________ is the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood.

Answer 25

Reabsorption

Question 26

__________________ (______) is where amino acids, glucose, water-soluble vitamins, and the majority of salts are reabsorbed along with water.

Answer 26

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 27

Solutes that enter the _____________ - the connective tissue surrounding the nephron - are picked up by vasa recta to be returned to the bloodstream for reuse within the body.

Answer 27

Interstitium

Question 28

Major waste products excreted in the urine: Dump the HUNK

Answer 28

- H+ - Urea - NH3 (Ammonia) - K+ (potassium)

Question 29

Filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) then enters the _____________________, which dives deep into the medulla before turning around to become the ______________________.

Answer 29

- Descending limb of the loop of Henle - Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 30

Together, the vasa recta and nephron create a ______________________.

Answer 30

Countercurrent multiplier system

Question 31

The ___________________ is only permeable to salts and is impermeable to water.

Answer 31

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 32

While the __________________ maximizes water reabsorption by taking advantage of increasing medullary osmolarity, the __________________ maximizes salt reabsorption by taking advantage of decreasing medullary osmolarity.

Answer 32

- Descending limb of the loop of Henle - Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 33

At the transition from the inner to outer medulla, the loop of Henle becomes thicker in what is termed the _______________.

Answer 33

Diluting segment

Question 34

The __________________ (______) responds to aldosterone, which promotes sodium reabsorption.

Answer 34

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 35

Because the sodium ions are osmotically active particles, water will follow the sodium, concentrating the urine and decreasing its volume in the ____________________ (______).

Answer 35

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 36

The final concentration of urine will depend largely on the permeability of the _____________, which is responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin).

Answer 36

Collecting duct

Question 37

When the body is very well hydrated, the _______________ will be fairly impermeable to salt and water.

Answer 37

Collecting duct

Question 38

_____________ is a steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood pressure.

Answer 38

Aldosterone

Question 39

Decreased blood pressure stimulates the release of ____________ from ____________ cells in the kidneys.

Answer 39

- Renin - Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 40

Renin cleaves ________________, a liver protein, to form angiotensin I.

Answer 40

Angiotensinogen

Question 41

Angiotensin I peptide is metabolized by ____________________ (_____) in the lungs to form angiotensin II, which promotes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

Answer 41

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 42

_____________ works by altering the ability of the distal convoluted tubule and collect duct to reabsorb sodium. As sodium is reabsorbed, water will flow with it. It also increase potassium and hydrogen ion excretion.

Answer 42

Aldosterone

Question 43

______________ (_______, also known as _____________) is a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity.

Answer 43

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin)

Question 44

______________ (______) directly alters the permeability of the collecting duct, allowing more water to be reabsorbed by making the cell junctions of the duct leaky.

Answer 44

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 45

Alcohol and caffeine both inhibit _______________ release and lead to the frequent excretion of dilute urine.

Answer 45

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 46

Vasoconstriction will secondarily lead to _________ release, which will help raise blood pressure.

Answer 46

Renin

Question 47

____________ pressure is the "sucking" pressure that draws water into the vasculature caused by all dissolved particles.

Answer 47

Osmotic pressure

Question 48

__________ pressure is the osmotic pressure that is attributable to dissolved proteins specifically.

Answer 48

Oncotic pressure

Question 49

The ____________ buffer system is the major regulator of blood pH.

Answer 49

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 50

When blood pH is too low, the kidneys excrete more _____________ and increase reabsorption of bicarbonate, resulting in a higher pH.

Answer 50

Hydrogen ions

Question 51

When blood pH is too high, the kidneys can excrete more _____________ and increase the reabsorption of hydrogen ions.

Answer 51

Bicarbonate

Question 52

By both weight and size, the __________ (__________) is the largest organ in our bodies.

Answer 52

Skin (integument)

Question 53

Starting from the deepest layer and working outward, the skin layers are: ______________ (_____________ layer), ______________, and _____________.

Answer 53

- Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) - Dermis - Epidermis

Question 54

The epidermis is subdivided into layers called ___________.

Answer 54

Strata

Question 55

Layers of the skin (superficial to deep): Come, Let's Get Sun Burned

Answer 55

- Strata corneum - Strata lucidum - Strata granulosum - Strata spinosum - Strata basale

Question 56

The ________________ contains stem cells and is responsible for proliferation of keratinocytes, the predominant cells of the skin, that produce keratin.

Answer 56

Strata basale

Question 57

In the ________________, these cells become connected to each other; this layer is also the site of Langerhans cells.

Answer 57

Stratum spinosum

Question 58

_____________ cells are actually special macrophages that reside within stratum spinosum. These cells are capable of presenting antigens to T-cells in order to activate the immune system.

Answer 58

Langerhans cells

Question 59

In the _____________, the keratinocytes die and lose their nuclei.

Answer 59

Stratum granulosum

Question 60

The _____________ is only present in thick, hairless skin, such as on the sole of the foot or the palms, and is nearly transparent.

Answer 60

Stratum lucidum

Question 61

The ______________ contains up to several dozen layers of flattened keratinocytes, forming a barrier that prevents invasion by pathogens and that helps to prevent loss of fluids and salt.

Answer 61

Strata corneum

Question 62

In the epidermis, the main cells are _______________.

Answer 62

Keratinocytes

Question 63

____________ is resistant to damage and provides protection against injury, water, and pathogens for the skin.

Answer 63

Keratin

Question 64

___________ form from excessive keratin deposition in areas of repeated strain due to friction; they provide protection to avoid damage in the future.

Answer 64

Calluses

Question 65

Fingernails and hair are formed from ___________ and are produced by specialized cells in the skin.

Answer 65

Keratin

Question 66

___________ are a cell type derived from neural crest cells and found in the stratum basale.

Answer 66

Melanocytes

Question 67

Melanocytes produce ____________, a pigment that serves to protect the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation.

Answer 67

Melanin

Question 68

The upper layer of the dermis (right below the epidermis) is the ______________, which consists of loose connective tissue.

Answer 68

Papillary layer

Question 69

Below the papillary layer is the denser ______________.

Answer 69

Reticular layer

Question 70

Sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles originate in the __________.

Answer 70

Dermis

Question 71

Most sensory receptors are located in the ___________.

Answer 71

Dermis

Question 72

_____________ (______) are sensory receptors present at the epidermal-dermal junction.

Answer 72

Merkel cells (discs)

Question 73

Other sensory organs in the skin include free nerve endings, which respond to pain; ______________, which respond to light touch; and _______________, which respond to stretch; and _______________, which respond to deep pressure and vibration.

Answer 73

- Meissner's corpuscles - Ruffini endings - Pacinian corpuscles

Question 74

The ____________ is a layer of connective tissue that connects the skin to the rest of the body. This layer contains fat and fibrous tissue.

Answer 74

Hypodermis

Question 75

_______________ is achieved by sweating, piloerection, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction.

Answer 75

Thermoregulation

Question 76

_____________ is an excellent cooling mechanism that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 76

Sweating

Question 77

In cold conditions, ____________ muscles contract, causing the hairs of the skin to stand up on end (____________)

Answer 77

- Arrector pilli - Piloerection

Question 78

____________ requires a sizeable amount of ATP; however, a significant portion of the energy from ATP is converted into thermal energy.

Answer 78

Shivering