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Pass Your Instrument Pilot Checkride > CHAPTER 10 IFR Arrival > Flashcards

CHAPTER 10 IFR Arrival Flashcards

1
Q

What is a STAR?

A

STAR is an abbreviation for Standard Terminal Arrival Route. It simplifies clearance delivery procedures and facilitates the transition between en route and instrument approach procedures.

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2
Q

Is a STAR compulsory?

A

Pilots are encouraged to use STARs; however, they are not required.

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3
Q

What is required to use STARs?

A

Pilot possession of at least the approved chart.

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4
Q

How do you decline a STAR?

A

Pilots can verbally decline with ATC or place ‘NO STAR’ in the remarks section of the flight plan.

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5
Q

What are the four segments of an instrument approach procedure?

A
  • Initial
  • Intermediate
  • Final
  • Missed
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6
Q

Define the initial approach segment.

A

The initial approach segment begins when the aircraft has departed the en route segment, maneuvering between the initial approach fix (IAF) and the intermediate or final approach fix.

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7
Q

Define the intermediate approach segment.

A

The intermediate approach segment is the point between the intermediate approach fix (IF) and the final approach fix.

At the IF, pilots adjust the aircraft’s speed, configuration, and positioning to prepare for the final descent to the runway. The descent gradient in this segment is kept shallow to ensure smooth transitions.

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8
Q

Define the final approach segment.

A

The final approach segment is where the pilot aligns the aircraft with the runway and descends for landing.

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9
Q

Define the missed approach segment.

A

The missed approach segment is the segment from the decision height/altitude to the missed approach point.

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10
Q

What are the different aircraft approach categories?

A
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
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11
Q

How is each aircraft approach category determined?

A

Based on 1.3 times the stall speed of the aircraft in landing configuration at maximum certified gross landing weight.

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12
Q

What is the speed range for Category A?

A

Speeds less than 91 knots.

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13
Q

What is the speed range for Category B?

A

Speeds of 91 knots to 120 knots.

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14
Q

What is the speed range for Category C?

A

Speeds of 121 knots to 140 knots.

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15
Q

What is the speed range for Category D?

A

Speeds of 141 knots to 165 knots.

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16
Q

What is the speed range for Category E?

A

Speeds of 166 knots or more.

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17
Q

Can you use minimums from a higher category?

A

Yes, you can use minimums for the next category if you maintain a speed exceeding that specified for your category.

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18
Q

Can a pilot land if actual visibility is lower than published minimums?

A

No, it is illegal and dangerous.

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19
Q

What is Decision Height?

A

The altitude that necessitates a decision from the pilot during an ILS approach.

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20
Q

What is Minimum Decision Altitude?

A

The lowest altitude a pilot can fly on a non-precision approach before deciding to continue or execute a missed approach.

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21
Q

What is a VDP?

A

The visual descent point, VDP, is the defined point on a non-precision straight-in final approach course from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway may start.

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22
Q

What is a VDA?

A

The vertical descent angle, VDA, provides the angle required to establish a stabilized approach descent from the FAF to the touchdown crossing height.

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23
Q

How do you calculate descent rate?

A

Divide your airplane ground speed by 2 and add a 0.

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24
Q

What is a Precision Approach?

A

A standard instrument approach procedure in which both vertical and horizontal guidance is provided.

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25
What is a Non Precision Approach?
A standard instrument approach procedure in which only horizontal guidance is provided.
26
Define RVR.
Runway Visual Range (RVR) indicates the horizontal distance a pilot should be able to see down the runway.
27
What if the RVR cannot be obtained?
The pilot can convert the RVR minimum required into ground visibility.
28
What are the components of an ILS?
* Localizer * Glide slope * Outer marker * Middle marker * Approach lights
29
What is the standard decision height for a Category I ILS?
200 feet AGL.
30
What function does an outer marker typically provide?
Transmits an alert upon arrival at the final approach fix for non-precision approaches.
31
What function does the middle marker typically provide?
Indicates approximately 200 feet above the touchdown zone elevation.
32
What function does the inner marker typically provide?
Indicates the point at which an aircraft is at the DH on the glidepath during a Category II ILS approach.
33
What is a simultaneous approach to parallel runways?
ATC procedures permit ILS/RNAV/GLS instrument approaches to dual or triple parallel runway configurations.
34
What minimum radar separation do parallel ILS approaches provide for aircraft?
* At least 2,500 feet apart = 1.0 NM radar separation * More than 3,600 feet apart = 1.5 NM radar separation * More than 8,300 feet apart = 2 NM radar separation
35
What is Precision Runway Monitor (PRM)?
PRM provides ATC with high precision secondary surveillance data for aircraft on final approach to parallel runways separated by less than 4,300 feet.
36
What happens when more than one component is rendered unusable for an instrument approach?
The minimums in every usable instrument approach are increased to the highest minimum of each of the components that are no longer usable.
37
What happens if the Outer or Middle Markers are rendered inoperative?
They may be substituted with a compass locator or precision approach radar.
38
What’s the procedure for addressing glide slope failure?
Substitution with a non-precision localizer is required.
39
What should a pilot do when the glide slope and/or localizer fail during the approach?
* If in VMC, follow the VASI/PAPI down to runway. * If only the glideslope fails, shoot it as a localizer only non-precision approach. * If the entire system fails, shoot the missed approach.
40
What is an Initial Approach Fix (IAF)?
Indicates the start of the initial approach segment for your instrument approach.
41
What does an 'A' in a point-up black triangle indicate on an instrument chart?
'A' indicates that alternate minimums are not standard.
42
What does it mean when there is not a procedure turn barb on the approach chart planview?
It means that you are not authorized to execute a procedure turn for the approach.
43
If radar vectors are provided, can you still execute a course reversal?
No authorization or requirement for course reversals when given radar vectors.
44
When can you commence a descent if being radar vectored to an instrument approach?
After establishing your aircraft on a segment of a published route and hearing 'Cleared for the approach.'
45
Where can you find restrictions to circle to land procedures in an IAP Chart?
Below the chart's minimums section.
46
What does the lightning bolt symbol indicate on an approach chart?
Indicates the final approach fix and glide slope intercept for a precision approach.
47
How can you identify the final approach fix for a non-precision approach?
Indicated by an X, also known as a Maltese cross.
48
Where can you find the distance from the FAF to the MAP for a non-precision approach?
Directly below the airport diagram view on the instrument approach chart.
49
What usually happens if a headwind suddenly changes to a tailwind while shooting an approach?
The pilot experiences a drop in airspeed and a tendency to go below the proper glide slope.
50
What occurs when a pilot completes a Side-Step Maneuver?
The pilot aligns with a parallel runway, ultimately landing on that one instead.
51
When should the pilot begin a Side-Step Maneuver?
As soon as visual contact with the intended runway or runway environment is in sight.
52
When can you perform a Timed Approach?
When many aircraft are waiting for an approach clearance, ATC will assign a time to depart the FAF inbound.
53
Can you perform a timed approach without the help of a control tower?
No, a control tower is required.
54
Can you execute a circle-to-land approach at pilot discretion?
No, prior authorization from the controller is required.
55
What does it mean if an airport lists only circling minimums and no straight-in minimums?
Circling approaches are typically designed for specific reasons such as runway alignment or descent gradient issues.
56
Can you make straight-in landings without straight-in minimums being published?
Yes, as long as you have visual contact with the runway and received the necessary clearance.
57
When do you start descending for the runway during a circling approach?
When in a position to descend normally and visibility requirements are met.
58
What is the obstacle clearance guaranteed by a circling approach MDA?
300 feet within your circling approach area.
59
When would a pilot execute a missed approach?
* No visual contact of runway environment upon arrival at the missed approach point. * Pilot judges the risk of an accident on landing is high. * ATC instructs the pilot to execute a missed approach.
60
What is required to go below minimums and land?
* Ability to make a descent to landing using normal maneuvers. * Flight visibility must meet or exceed published minimums. * Ability to distinctly identify one of the approved visual references for the landing runway.
61
What is required to go below minimums and land?
1. Ability to make a descent to landing using normal maneuvers and descent rate 2. Flight visibility must meet or exceed published minimums 3. Distinct identification of one of the approved visual references for the runway ## Footnote Visual references include threshold, markings, lights, etc.
62
What items are considered acceptable visual references known as the runway environment?
1. Threshold 2. Threshold markings 3. Threshold lights 4. Runway end identifier lights 5. Visual glide-slope indicator 6. Touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings 7. Touchdown zone lights 8. Runway or runway markings 9. Runway lights
63
What procedure should you follow if you decide to execute a missed approach prior to the MAP?
Wait until reaching the MAP before starting to turn and maintain altitudes higher than minimum descent altitude or decision height. Contact ATC as soon as possible.
64
What should you do if you lose visual contact during a circle to land procedure?
Execute a climbing turn towards the runway to intercept and complete the missed approach course.
65
What is a Contact Approach?
An alternative to the standard instrument approach procedure for landing, requested by the pilot and not assignable by ATC.
66
When can a pilot request a Contact Approach?
If visibility is at least 1 statute mile and the pilot can maintain clear of clouds to the destination airport.
67
What is a Visual Approach?
An approach that authorizes a pilot to conduct a purely visual landing rather than using instruments.
68
Who issues a Visual Approach authorization?
Air Traffic Control (ATC) authorizes a pilot for the visual approach.
69
What are the requirements for a Visual Approach authorization?
Must have visual contact of the landing airport.
70
What is a Low Approach?
A maneuver where the pilot flies over the runway instead of landing or making a touch-and-go.
71
Describe the characteristics of a localizer-type directional aid (LDA).
Comparable to a localizer but not part of an ILS; course width is between 3° and 6° and not aligned with the runway.
72
What minimums are usually published with LDA approaches?
Straight in minimums may be published if alignment angles do not exceed 30°.
73
Can you set up a GPS approach without Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)?
No, absence of RAIM requires the use of another navigation and approach system.
74
What is the requirement for alternate airports when using GPS for navigation and instrument approaches?
The alternate destination airport must have an alternate instrument approach procedure other than GPS.
75
What is a Holding Procedure?
A maneuver designed to achieve or maintain required or desired spacing of aircraft by ATC.
76
Describe a Holding Pattern.
Typically racetrack shaped, determined using a fix provided by navigational aids, with a direction to hold from the fix.
77
What is the difference between standard and non-standard holding patterns?
Standard patterns involve turns to the right; non-standard patterns require turns to the left.
78
What are the three methods for entering a holding pattern?
1. Parallel procedure 2. Teardrop procedure 3. Direct entry procedure
79
Describe the parallel entry procedure.
Fly to the fix, establish a parallel holding course, then turn opposite the direction of turns in the holding pattern.
80
Describe the teardrop entry procedure.
Fly to the fix, turn 30 degrees away from the outbound track, then turn towards the hold to intercept the inbound holding course.
81
Describe the direct entry procedure.
Fly to the fix, then turn in the direction of the holding pattern and fly the holding pattern.
82
What are the maximum holding pattern airspeeds for all aircraft?
1. 200 knots = below 6,000 feet MSL 2. 230 knots = 6,001 to 14,000 feet MSL 3. 265 knots = above 14,001 feet MSL
83
What happens when a holding pattern is used instead of a procedure turn?
The pilot must execute the holding maneuver within the time or leg length specified by the instrument approach chart.
84
How do you close an IFR flight plan?
ATC will close your flight plan upon landing at a towered airport; contact Flight Service or request cancellation from approach controller at a non-towered airport.

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