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Biology > Chapter 10 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum amount of initial energy required to start a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Active site

A

The place on the surface of an enzyme molecules where substrate molecules attach

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3
Q

ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)

A

A low energy compound, converted to Adenosine triphosphate for energy storage when it gains a phosphate group

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4
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

A type of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

The reactions in living things that invlolve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

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5
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

The reactions in living things that invlolve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones and usually release energy from breaking bonds

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6
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up in the reaction

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

A biochemical process that occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria

  • metabolises organic compounds (glucose) aerobically in the form of ATP,
  • Products of anaerobic, respiration vary between organisms (plants, yeast, bacteria)
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8
Q

Coenzyme

A

A small, non-protein organic substance that must be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyse a certain reaction.

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9
Q

Cofactor

A

A small, inorganic substance that must be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyse a certain reaction

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10
Q

Denatured

A

(Proteins) Structurally changed by factors such as pH and temperature

  • If the protein is an enzyme, the change destroys the shape of the active site and results in a loss of function
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11
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

An energy-requiring chemical reaction

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12
Q

Enzyme

A

A specific biological catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reaction without being altered itself by lowering the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed

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13
Q

Enzyme - Substrate complex

A

A substance formed when an enzyme molecule and a substrate molecule join

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14
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

A reaction that releases energy

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15
Q

Glycolysis

A

A energy-yielding process occurring in cell cytosol

  • Glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate in enzyme reactions that do not require oxygen
    • First stage of cellular respiration produces two ATP molecules
16
Q

Grana

A

A stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll

17
Q

Induced-fit model

A

A model suggesting that the shape of an enzyme’s active site undergoes specific changes

  • Induced by the substrate, to achieve a high degree of specificity with the substrate
18
Q

Inhibitor

A

A substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site

19
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

A form anaerobic respiration

  • occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria
    • Glucose is converted to lactic acid
20
Q

Light-dependent stage

A

The first stage of photosynthesis

  • Requires light energy, which is absorbed by chlorophyll
  • Water molecules split to produce oxygen and hydrogen ions, and ATP
21
Q

Light-independent stage

A

The second stage of photosynthesis

  • Carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce a carbohydrate
22
Q

Lock-and-key-model

A

A model suggesting that the shape of is an exact fi to the shape of an enzyme’s active site

23
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism; can be divided into two types, catabolic reaction and anabolic reactions

24
Q

Phosphorylation

A

A process when a bond forms between an available phosphate group an ADP, producing ATP

25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Biochemical process

  • Uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds
  • light-dependent and light-independent reactions occur at different sites in chloroplast
26
Q

Psychrophile

A

An organism that lives in extremely cold conditions

27
Q

Pyruvate

A

Three-carbon compound that is the end product of glycolysis

28
Q

Stroma

A

Jelly like, semi fluid interior of a chloroplast

29
Q

Substrate

A

A reactant on which an enzyme acts

30
Q

Thermophile

A

An organism that lives in high-temperature environments

31
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Interconnected, folded membranes within chloroplasts

Biology (11 decks)

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