Chapter 10 Key Terms Flashcards
A new kind of racism that emerged in the 19th century, using science to justify European racial prejudices and preferences.
Scientific Racism
The European belief that they had a duty to “civilize” colonized peoples by introducing Christianity, education, and European customs while suppressing native cultures.
Civilizing Mission
The idea that European dominance was natural and led to the displacement or destruction of “backward” peoples or “weaker” races.
Social Darwinism
The process (1875-1900) in which European countries partitioned and claimed African territories.
Scramble for Africa
A massive uprising in India against British rule, sparked by military use of cartridges smeared with animal fat, offending both Muslims and Hindus.
Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858
A private colony personally controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium, notorious for brutal forced labor and mass killings in rubber collection.
Congo Free State
A system in 19th-century Dutch-controlled Indonesia that required peasants to cultivate at least 20% of their land in cash crops for sale at low prices to the government.
Cultivation System
The agricultural production of crops for sale in the market rather than for consumption by farmers themselves.
Cash Crop Production
The removal of a pubescent girl’s clitoris and adjacent tissue as part of an initiation ritual marking her transition to adulthood.
Female Circumcision
In non-Muslim Africa, many Christian converts blended older traditions and values into their practice of Christianity.
Africanization of Christianity
A religion based on India’s many beliefs, rituals, and philosophies; by the 19th century, Indian reformers emphasized it as a distinct tradition.
Hinduism
A leading 19th-century religious figure in India who advocated for a revived Hinduism and its mission to spiritually uplift the West.
Swami Vivikenada
Influenced by colonial oppression and racism, Africans sought to revive a sense of cultural confidence and distinct identity.
African Identity
A prominent West African scholar and political leader who argued that each civilization, including Africa’s, had a unique contribution to make to the world.
Edward Blyden
European colonizers redefined ethnic identities, but Africans also adopted “tribal” identities to navigate modern upheavals.
Idea of Tribe
