Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
articulation
A
place where two bones connect called a joint
2
Q
cardiac muscle
A
involuntary, only found in the heart
3
Q
Define ‘chondr/o’.
A
cartilage
‘Chondritis’ is the inflammation of cartilage.
4
Q
Define ‘lord/o’.
A
curve, swayback
‘Lordosis’ is an excessive inward curvature of the spine.
5
Q
Define ‘ped/o’.
A
foot/child
‘Pediatric’ refers to the branch of medicine dealing with children.
6
Q
Define ‘ten/o’.
A
tendon
‘Tenosynovitis’ refers to inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon.
7
Q
diaphysis
A
long middle part of the bone
8
Q
epiphysis
A
ends of the bone that connect to other bones or muscles
9
Q
fibers
A
contractile cells
10
Q
Fill in the blank: A _______ is necessary when a bone pierces through the skin.
A
open reduction
11
Q
flat bones
A
broad surfaces
like clavicle and sternum
12
Q
hematopoiesis
A
making blood
13
Q
Inner part of the bone to outer part
A
medullary cavity (blood vessels and yellow marrow)
spongy bone (red marrow)
compact bone
periosteum
14
Q
irregular bones
A
do not fit other classfications
vertebrate and middle ear bones
15
Q
ligments
A
connective tissue of bone to bone
16
Q
long bones
A
long bones
legs, arms, fingers
17
Q
short bones
A
square shaped bones
wrist and ankles bones
18
Q
skeletal muscle
A
voluntary muscle, striated appearance, ex. eyeballs, tongue, etc.
19
Q
smooth muscle
A
involuntary, assist internal processes like digestion, urination and circulation.
20
Q
tendons
A
connective tissue of muscle to bone
21
Q
True or False: Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by an autoimmune response.
A
False
Osteoarthritis is primarily a degenerative condition, unlike rheumatoid arthritis
22
Q
What are common symptoms of muscular dystrophy?
A
Progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass
Symptoms may include difficulty in walking, swallowing, and breathing
23
Q
What are musculoskeletal disorders?
A
Conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints of the body, including the neck, shoulders, wrists, back, hips, legs, knees, and feet
Common symptoms include pain and discomfort that may interfere with everyday activities
24
Q
What are sarcomas?
A
Malignancies originating from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and lymphatic system cells
Major types include fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma
25
What are spinal curvatures?
Any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position.
26
What are sprains and strains?
Overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain).
27
What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis?
A systemic disease with inflammatory changes in joints, leading to crippling deformities
## Footnote
It is an autoimmune disease that affects primarily women aged 23-35
28
What diagnostic tests are used for bone malignancies?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) scan
## Footnote
These tests help identify the presence and extent of bone cancers
29
What does '-asthenia' mean?
weakness
30
What does '-clasia' mean?
To break
31
What does '-clast' mean?
To break
32
What does '-desis' mean?
Binding or fusion
33
What does '-malacia' mean?
Softening
34
What does '-porosis' mean?
Porous condition
35
What does '-sarcoma' mean?
Malignant tumor
36
What does a bone density test measure?
Bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine, hip, and forearm
37
What does 'ankyl/o' refer to?
fusion or stiffening of a joint
## Footnote
'Ankylosis' is the condition characterized by joint stiffness.
38
What does 'brachi/o' refer to?
Arm
39
What does 'calcane/o' refer to?
Calcaneum (heel bone)
40
What does 'carp/o' refer to?
Wrist
41
What does 'cephal/o' refer to?
Head
42
What does 'cervic/o' refer to?
Neck
43
What does claudication refer to?
Lameness or limping.
44
What does 'clavicul/o' refer to?
Clavicle
45
What does 'cost/o' refer to?
Rib
46
What does 'crani/o' refer to?
Skull
47
What does 'dactyl/o' refer to?
Finger or toe
48
What does 'dys-' mean?
Bad, difficult, or painful
49
What does 'fasci/o' signify?
fascia, a band of connective tissue
## Footnote
'Fasciitis' is inflammation of the fascia.
50
What does 'femor/o' refer to?
Femur
51
What does 'fibr/o' mean?
fiber
## Footnote
'Fibrosis' refers to the thickening and scarring of connective tissue.
52
What does 'fibul/o' refer to?
Fibula
53
What does 'humer/o' refer to?
Humerus
54
What does 'ili/o' refer to?
Ilium
55
What does 'ischi/o' refer to?
Ischium
56
What does 'kyph/o' refer to?
humpback or curvature of the spine
## Footnote
'Kyphosis' is an excessive outward curvature of the spine.
57
What does 'leiomy/o' refer to?
Smooth muscle
58
What does 'lumb/o' refer to?
Loin or lower back
59
What does lumbosacral spinal radiography involve?
Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
60
What does 'metacarp/o' refer to?
Metacarpus
61
What does 'metatars/o' refer to?
Metatarsus
62
What does 'muscul/o' refer to?
Muscle
63
What does 'my/o' refer to?
Muscle
64
What does 'myel/o' refer to?
spinal cord or bone marrow
## Footnote
'Myelitis' is inflammation of the spinal cord.
65
What does 'orth/o' signify?
straight or correct
## Footnote
'Orthopedics' is the branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities.
66
What does 'patell/o' refer to?
Patella
67
What does 'ped/i' refer to?
child/foot
## Footnote
'Pediatrics' is the medical specialty focused on children's health.
68
What does 'pelv/i' refer to?
Pelvis
69
What does 'pelv/o' refer to?
Pelvis
70
What does 'phalang/o' refer to?
Phalanges
71
What does 'pod/o' refer to?
Foot
72
What does 'pub/o' refer to?
Pubis
73
What does 'radi/o' refer to?
Radius or ray
74
What does 'rhabd/o' refer to?
rod shaped (striated)
75
What does 'rhabdomy/o' refer to?
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
76
What does 'scoli/o' mean?
crooked/bent
## Footnote
'Scoliosis' is a condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
77
What does 'spondyl/o' refer to?
Vertebra
78
What does 'stern/o' refer to?
Sternum
79
What does 'syn-' mean?
Together or with
80
What does 'synov/o' signify?
synovial membrane
## Footnote
'Synovitis' is the inflammation of the synovial membrane.
81
What does 'tend/o' refer to?
tendon
## Footnote
'Tendinitis' is the inflammation of a tendon.
82
What does 'thorac/o' refer to?
Chest
83
What does 'tibi/o' refer to?
Tibia
84
What does 'vertebr/o' refer to?
Vertebra
85
What is a bone density test also known as?
Bone densitometry or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
86
What is a bunion?
A deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes.
87
What is a fracture?
A break or crack in a bone
## Footnote
Fractures can be classified as simple, open, or pathological
88
What is a ganglion cyst?
A fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joints of the wrists or hands.
89
What is a herniated disk?
Rupture of a vertebral disk’s center through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs.
90
What is a phantom limb?
Perceived sensation that the limb still exists following amputation.
91
What is amputation?
Partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder
92
What is arthritis?
An inflammation of a joint, often accompanied by pain, swelling, and deformity
## Footnote
Main types include rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
93
What is arthrocentesis?
Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications
94
What is arthroclasia?
Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
95
What is arthrography?
Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
96
What is arthroscopy?
Visual examination of the interior of a joint using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope
97
What is bone grafting?
Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person
98
What is bone immobilization?
Procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate healing
99
What is bone scintigraphy?
Nuclear medicine procedure involving intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone
100
What is bursectomy?
Excision of a bursa, a padlike sac found in connective tissue near joints
101
What is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?
A painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel.
102
What is casting?
Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material
103
What is contracture?
Fibrosis of connective tissue that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint.
104
What is crepitation?
A dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together.
105
What is discography?
Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
106
What is gout?
Joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space.
107
What is hypotonia?
Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching.
108
What is indicated by 'lamin/o'?
lamina, a thin layer
## Footnote
'Laminectomy' is a surgical procedure to remove the lamina.
109
What is indicated by 'tendin/o'?
tendon
## Footnote
'Tendinosis' is a degenerative condition of a tendon.
110
What is kyphosis?
Abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine, also known as humpback.
111
What is laminectomy?
Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra
112
What is lordosis?
Abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine.
113
What is muscular dystrophy?
A group of inherited diseases causing progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass
## Footnote
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common type, starting in childhood
114
What is myasthenia gravis?
A chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness.
115
What is myelography?
Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, or herniated disks
116
What is osteoarthritis?
The most common form of arthritis, characterized by the degeneration of cartilage at the end of bones
## Footnote
Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and sometimes crepitation during movement
117
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone.
118
What is osteoporosis?
Loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
119
What is Paget disease?
Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones.
120
What is rickets?
A form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency.
121
What is scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left.
122
What is sequestrectomy?
Excision of a sequestrum, a segment of necrosed bone
123
What is splinting?
Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
124
What is spondylolisthesis?
Any slipping of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it.
125
What is spondylosis?
Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues.
126
What is subluxation?
Partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae.
127
What is talipes equinovarus?
A congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side.
128
What is the difference between closed and open reduction?
Closed reduction is non-surgical realignment, while open reduction involves surgical exposure of the fracture
## Footnote
Open reduction is necessary for compound fractures or when closed reduction is ineffective
129
What is the meaning of 'arthr/o'?
joint
## Footnote
'Arthritis' refers to inflammation of the joints.
130
What is the meaning of 'oste/o'?
bone
## Footnote
'Osteoporosis' refers to a condition where bones become weak and brittle.
131
What is the most common musculoskeletal disorder?
Low back pain
## Footnote
It is extremely prevalent and can range from mild discomfort to debilitating pain
132
What is the primary focus of a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO)?
Maintaining proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves for good health
## Footnote
They combine manipulative procedures with medical treatment
133
What is the role of orthopedics in musculoskeletal disorders?
Concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
## Footnote
Orthopedists use medical, physical, and surgical methods to restore function
134
What is the typical age range for patients with osteosarcoma?
20 to 25 years old
## Footnote
It is a type of sarcoma that develops from bone tissue
135
What is total hip replacement (THR)?
Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
136
What is traction?
A set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system
137
What treatment modalities are generally used for sarcomas?
Combination therapy including chemotherapy, radiation, and possibly amputation
## Footnote
Treatment plans are based on staging and grading of the malignancy
138
Who specializes in treating joint disease?
Rheumatologist
## Footnote
They focus on conditions like arthritis and other joint-related diseases
