Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

carbon containing compounds

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

simplest group which only contains H-atoms and C-atoms

Question 3

Alkane

Answer 3

c-c SINGLE bond

-ane

Question 4

Alkene (simple explaination)

Answer 4

c-c DOUBLE bond
-ene
double bond is a functional group

Question 5

Alkyne (simple explaination)

Answer 5

c-c TRIPLE bond

-yne

Question 6

Methane

Answer 6

CH4

Question 7

Two carbons

Answer 7

eth-

Question 8

Three carbons

Answer 8

prop-

Question 9

Four carbons

Answer 9

but-

Question 10

Five carbons

Answer 10

pent-

Question 11

Six carbons

Answer 11

hex-

Question 12

Homologous series

Answer 12

two neighbouring molecules separate by a CH2 group
molecules have chemical similar properties (all burn), but slightly different physical properties (changes as chain lengthens)

Question 13

Naming alkanes

Answer 13

1. find longest chain
2. numerate carbon atoms
3. name substituents
   = Number-name of subtituent - root name

Question 14

Catenation

Answer 14

process in which many identical atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
= straught.chain, brached or cyclic structures

Question 15

Functional groups

Answer 15

reactive part of molecules and commonly contain elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.
Atom or groups of atoms or bonds within a molecule that gives ots specific chracteristic reactions

Question 16

Fractional distillation

Answer 16

physical separation process that uses differences in boiling points to separate the mixture into fractions of similar boiling points

Question 17

Full structural formula

Answer 17

two-dimentional representation showing atoms + bonds + position

Question 18

Condensed structural formula

Answer 18

atoms + bonds

Question 19

Skeletal formula

Answer 19

line + vertex

represents carbon atoms present

Question 20

(Structural) Isomer

Answer 20

compounds with same chemical formula but different structural formula + uniquw physical and chemical properties

Question 21

Straight-chained pentane vs. branched pentane

Answer 21

S-c has a higher boiling point due to the strong forces between the chains
Brached structure results in weaker Van Der Waal forces, hence a lower boiling point

Question 22

Classifying hydrocarbons

Answer 22

TWO ways

1. Alkane, alkene and alkyne
2. Open chained and aromatic compounds (rings with alternating c-c and c=c)

Question 23

Saturated compound

Answer 23

carbon single-bonds

Question 24

Unsaturated compound

Answer 24

carbon double and triple bonds

Question 25

Alcohols

Answer 25

organic substances that contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group

Question 26

Alcohol classification

Answer 26

1. Primary - carbon connected to OH group is only connected to ONE other carbon atom 2. Secondary - carbon connected to the OH group is connected to TWO other carbon atoms 3. Tertiary - carbon connected to OH group is connected to THREE other carbon atoms

Question 27

Halogenoalkanes

Answer 27

primary, secondary, tertiary classification alkanes undergo free-radical substitution reactions with halogens, which is called homolytic cleavage/fission. Heterolytic cleavage/fission can also appear, where ions are formed as one atom takes all the shared electrons (creating + and -)

Question 28

Oxidation of alcohols

Answer 28

Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) or potassium mangante (VII) are used. K2Cr2O7 is oxidizing agent. CR2O7^2- (orange) is reduced to Cr^3+ (green). The oxidation depends on alcohol type.

Question 29

Oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 29

``` Two stage process 1. Aldehyde -al C(H) = O through distillation 2. Carboxylic acid -ois acid C(OH) = O through reflux ``` Naming: functional groups are always number 1.

Question 30

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

Answer 30

Ketone -one | -c-=O

Question 31

Oxidation of tertary alcohols

Answer 31

Trick question. Tertiary alcoh cannot be oxidized. However, they burn, like all alcohols to form CO2 and H2O

Question 32

Amines

Answer 32

Carbon bonded to Nitrogen Classification depends on number of alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom of the funtional group. Naming: root loses -e, gaines -amine. N signifies that substituent is bonded to the nitrogen atom.

Question 33

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 33

characterized by persence of benzene ring as all carbon atoms have equal electron density the molecule is symmetrical.

Question 34

Hydrogenation

Answer 34

addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst removing c=c double bonds increases the melting point, making a substance a solid rather than a liquid e.g. saturated oils have prolonged shelf lives

Question 35

The benzene molecule

Answer 35

C6H6 the bonds are intermediates between sinel bonds and double bonds does not react as easily as alkenes as the delocalized electrons provide extra stability.

Question 36

Reactions of hydrocarbons

Answer 36

Alkanes do not react readily as the c-c bonds are relatively strong. Complete combustion Incomplete combustion

Question 37

Complete combustion

Answer 37

for all hydrocarbons, product is always CO2 and H2O

Question 38

Incomplete combustion

Answer 38

product is mixture of Carbon, CO and H2O (and CO2) due to limited access to O2

Question 39

Free-radicals

Answer 39

atoms/elements with an unpaired electron which makes them higly reactive

Question 40

Volatility

Answer 40

tendency to change from liquid to gas | decreases as the length of the carbon chain increases.

Question 41

Chloronation of alkanes

Answer 41

Initiation (free-radicals are formed by light) Propagation Termination (reactions are ended/come to an end)

Question 42

Reactions of alkenes

Answer 42

``` Undergo addtion reactions double bond "splits" into two single bonds With bromine (brown); double bond = color disappears single or triple bond = color remains ```

Question 43

Reactions

Answer 43

- Substitution replacement of individual atoms with other small groups of atoms - Addition two molecules added together to produce one molecule (alkenes) - Elimination removal of two substituents from molecule

Question 44

Reactions of alkanes

Answer 44

free-radical substitution | elimination to form unsaturated alkenes and alkynes

Question 45

Polymerization

Answer 45

A process in which monomers react together to form a polymer.

Question 46

Polymerization of alkanes

Answer 46

addition polymerization - reaction of small monomers with c=c double bonds linked together to form a polymer - a repeating structure is constructed/formed, which reflects the structure of the original monomer with double bonds replaced by single bonds and electrons released fromning new bonds to adjacent monomers.

Question 47

halogentaion of alkenes

Answer 47

addtion of element halogen (Cl2 or Br2 or I2 or F2) = dihalogenated alkane