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Neuroscience > Chapter 10 Peripheral Somatosensory System & start of 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Peripheral Somatosensory System & start of 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do we investigate the world

A

through light and touch to move accurately and avoid injury and harm

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2
Q

how do superficial and deep sensory receptors work

A

they tell us about touch and movement. all send their axons in toward spinal cord, past spinal cord and to peripheral somatosensory cells and goes into the CNS

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3
Q

where are somatosensory cells located

A

in dorsal root ganglion, pseudounipolar

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4
Q

surface receptors pick up

A

touch, nocioception, and temperature

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5
Q

deep recptors detect

A

proprioception and nociception

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6
Q

from receptor to brain there are generally

A

three neurons with three pathways

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7
Q

first order neuron is

A

pseudounipolar

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8
Q

mechanoreceptors

A 
mechanical stimuli (ligand modality gate) can depolarize peripheral sensory axons
they are high threshold nociceptors.
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9
Q

a high threshold nocipcetor is

A

it takes a big stimulus before they send the signal

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10
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical stimuli that can harm us

high threshold

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11
Q

thermoceptors

A

same

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12
Q

tonic receptors

A

maintain signaling as long as there’s a stimulus–touching shoulder. they don’t adapt to stimulus, they stay active

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13
Q

phasic receptors

A

fast acting, respond to change (hand on shoulder and then removed

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14
Q

how are first order neurons classified

A

axon diameter

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15
Q

Scheme 1

A

Ia, Ib, II, III, IV

the firster the number or letter the bigger the diameter neuron

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16
Q

Scheme 2

A

A-beta, A-delta, and C

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17
Q

receptive fields are smallest….

A

in hands feet and around corners of mouth

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18
Q

what is a receptive field

A

area of skin that is innervated by one peripheral sensory axon and all its terminal branches

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19
Q

receptive fields are greater where

A

proximally, core, hips, and shoulder

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20
Q

where are there more sensory axons

A

distally than proximally

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21
Q

light or discriminative touch travels on

A

A-beta

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22
Q

superficial discriminative touch can detect…

A

touch, vibration, pressure, hair movement, and stretch

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23
Q

superficial are located

A

right at skin or under surface of skin. all are class A-beta (peripheral sensory axons that carry message of discriminative touch in CNS)

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24
Q

Coarse touch travels on

A

a-delta and C

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25
they are axons with
no terminal branches but no specialized receptors
26
free nerve ending (coarse touch) can detect
touch, pain, and temperature
27
what is coarse touch
can't describe the touch well or locate it well
28
Nociception travels on
A-delta and C
29
there are free nerve endings with nocipcetion where...
under skin that are sensitive to pain (mechanical stimulation) that carry message of pain
30
temperature...
same as nociception card and travel on A-delta and C
31
neurons of peripheral travel on
a-delta and c
32
peripheral nerves have a different distribution than dermatomal innervation
yeahhhh | look over slide 13
33
how do the spinal and peripheral mix at plexus
mix at plexus on way down from spinal to peripheral but in sensory system the plexus unmixed peripheral into spinal nerve
34
are named peripheral patterns different than dermatome patterns?
yes
35
what is a muscle spindle?
a sensory deep in muscle
36
muscle spindle tells central neurons two things
length of muscle (stretch or unstretched) | how fast the length is changing
37
what is the shape
fusiform
38
intrasfusal and extrafusal
inside the spindle and outside the spindle
39
slide 19 shows how the spindles are physically oriented
neat
40
nuclear bag fibers (mechanoreceptors)
bulging in picture | detect the rate of change of length
41
nuclear chain fibers (mechanoreceptors)
how long it is
42
together the nuclear bag and nuclear chain tell you
tell brain the length of muscle and if it's changing and how fast it's changing
43
two types of axons that take messages from the spindle
primary and secondary
44
primary (Sensory endings)
AP on Ia (biggest and fastest) | Ia pick up from the bulge and skin so it says length and rate of change. messages come from middles of both bulges
45
secondary (sensory) neurons
AP on II (thinner blue line) send messages just from the chain and maller sensory, so just a confirmatory message of length even at rest, they are constantly sending AP
46
when it gets stretch the number of AP goes
up
47
when it gets unstretched, number of AP goes
down
48
Associated motor neurons
A-alpha, A-gmma
49
A-alpha
contracts extrafusal muscles (outside the spindle and fibers of muscle contraction) shortens the muscle overall
50
A-gamme
travels from spinal cord out to the muscle spindle and make little muscle of the spindle contract when A-gammes are active they don't cause you to contract but they contract the spindle so it keeps the spindle sensitive to stretch throughout movement
51
goldi tendon organs
job is to sense tension in the tendon tension is due to active contraction passive stretch gives brain info about stretch on a muscle tendon on a unit
52
what sensory neuron do goldi tendon organs tranmist on
Ib
53
overall golgi tendon organs do what
send messages of tension and stretch which influence movement
54
joint receptors
specialized capsule receptors and those help with position and movement of joint
55
specialized capsule receptors transmit on which sensory neurons
II
56
ligament receptors transmit on which sensory neuron
Ib
57
ligament receptors
ligaments all have mechanoreceptors that help with tension on the ligament suppporting a joint
58
free nerve endings transmit on which sensory neurons
A-delta and C
59
free nerve endings
trandsduce pain and inflammation... any damage to stimuli and any inflammation from injury
60
free nerve endings send their messages where
into the nervous system
61
large diameter axons
myelinated... this includes muscles, tendons, and joints
62
muscles, tendons and joints transmit info on which sensory neurons
Ia,Ib
63
medium diamter axons are
myelinated
64
medium diamater include
muscle spindles and specialized cutaneous receptors
65
muscle spindles and specialized cutaneous receptors transmit info on which sensory neurons
II (muscle spindle) and A-beta (specialized cutaneous receptors)
66
small diameter axons are
myelinated
67
an example of a small diameter axon includes a ______ and transmits info on which sensory neurons
free nerve endings | A-delta
68
another small diameter axon is also
unmyelinated
69
an example is and transmits info on which sensory neuron
free nerve endings and C
70
Sensory loss with compression
``` Conscious proprioception and light touch Cold Fast nociception (“sharp, stinging” pain) Heat Slow nociception (“dull, aching” pain) ```
71
sensation returns how
reverse order list
72
When a patient reports extra signs or symptoms (tingling in an extremity) extra almost always means irritation of the nervous system
reminder
73
Ataxia (incoordination not due to weakness) can effect
Sensory Cerebellar Vestibular research how. i think you know
74
some messages of sensation go to
conscious awareness
75
conscious awareness of sensation can classify
hurt and where you got hurt
76
what does conscious mean
cerebral cortex parietal lobe=somatosensation
77
somatosensory signals are also located in the
cerebellum
78
cerebellum is
autonomic and the signals are not conscious
79
somatosensory signals can also go to
emotional and autonomic areas
80
emotional and autonomic areas have a
high degree of conscious awareness but DONT go to cortex
81
when hurt goes to the emotional part your heart rate
goes up to maintain homeostasis
82
conscious relay is located in
cerebral cortex
83
divergent pathways means
two routes for sensory signals
84
there are many divergent pathways in the
brain stem and cerebellum
85
divergent pathways can be
conscious and unconscious
86
nonconscious relay is located in
cerebellum
87
high fidelity pathway
high degree of body map organization | parietal lobe is high fidelity
88
part of brain devoted to a part of the body is either _______
bigger or smaller depending on density of sensory receptors to that body part
89
if the middle cerebral artery was impacted there would be more defecits to
the arm
90
low fidelity pathways
low degree of body map organization example: spino-emotional pain (divergent pathways that don't go all the way to cerebral cortex)
91
projection neurons
(neurons in pathways) 1st in pathway and 1st order peripheral and pseudounipolar
92
spinothalamic
2nd neuron and in pathway | start and end is in the name but ultimately ends in cerebral cortex
93
interneurons
can be interspursed through any of synapses
94
synapses
spot in any sensory pathway where signal can be turned up or down or spread out or gathered
95
interneurons between the green and blue
interneuron inhibits pain pathway, turns down signal in pain pathway and can only be turned on at the synapse

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