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General Psychology > Chapter 10: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

the unique, core set of characteristics that influence the way one thinks, acts, and feels and that are relatively consistent and enduring throughout the life span (NOT THE SAME AS CHARACTER)

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2
Q

Temperament

A

distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors observed early in life; remains somewhat stable across life span but can be modeled by the environment; an important stable aspect of personality

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3
Q

Character=

A

morality

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4
Q

Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness

A

1- conscious
2- preconscious
3- unconscious

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5
Q

Conscious

A

the state of being aware of oneself, one’s thoughts, and/or the environment

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6
Q

Preconscious

A

mental activities outside your current awareness but that can be brought easily to your attention

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7
Q

Unconscious

A

level of consciousness outside of awareness, which is difficult to access without effort or therapy

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8
Q

Freud’s structural model of the mind

A
  • id
  • ego
  • superego
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9
Q

Id

A

the most primitive structure of the mind, the activities of which occur at the unconscious level and are guided by the pleasure principle

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10
Q

Ego

A

use of the reality principle to negotiate between the id and the environment

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11
Q

Superego

A

the structure of the mind that guides behavior to follow the rules of society, parents, and other authority figures

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12
Q

Ego defense mechanisms (7)

A
  • sublimation
  • identification
  • displacement
  • repression
  • rationalization
  • projection
  • denial
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13
Q

Repression

A

anxiety-producing information is pushed into the unconscious

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14
Q

Rationalization

A

creating an acceptable excuse for an uncomfortable situation

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15
Q

Displacement

A

shifting negative feelings and impulses to an acceptable target

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16
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latency period
  • genital
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17
Q

Oral stage of development

A
  • from birth- 1 1/2 years
  • erogenous zone= mouth
  • focuses on: sucking, chewing, and gumming
  • conflict: weaning
  • results of fixation: smoking, drinking, nail-biting, excessive talking
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18
Q

Anal stage of development

A
  • from 1 1/2 - 3 years
  • erogenous zone= anus
  • focuses on: defecation
  • conflict: toilet training
  • results of fixation: being rule-bound, stingy, chaotic, destructive
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19
Q

Phallic stage of development

A
  • from 3-6 years
  • erogenous zone= genitals
  • focuses on: sexual feelings and awareness of self
  • conflict: self-stimulation
  • results of fixation: promiscuity, flirtation, vanity, or overdependence, and a focus on masturbation
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20
Q

Latency period

A
  • 6 years-puberty
  • period during which children develop mentally, socially, and physically
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21
Q

Genital stage of development

A
  • puberty and beyond
  • erogenous zone= genitals
  • focuses on: the reawakening of sexuality, with a focus on relationships
  • conflict: sexuality and aggression
  • results of fixation: inability to thrive in adult experiences such as work and love
22
Q

Neo-Freudians

A
  • Alfred Adler
  • humans are not just pleasure seekers, but conscious and intentional in their behaviors
  • we are motivated by the need to feel superior
  • his theory focuses on each person’ unique struggle with feelings of inferiority
23
Q

Inferiority complex

A

feelings of incompetence, vulnerability, and powerlessness; influence of birth order and environmental pressure

24
Q

Self-actualizing

A

people who are continually seeking to reach their fullest potential

25
Q

Self-concept

A

the knowledge an individual has about their strengths, abilities, behavior patterns, and temperment

26
Q

Which 2 psychologists were associated with humanistic psychology?

A
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Carl Rogers
27
Q

Ideal self

A

the self-concept a person strives for and fervently wishes to achieves

28
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

the total acceptance or valuing of a person, regardless of behavior

29
Q

Who developed locus of control?

A

Julian Rotter

30
Q

Locus of control

A

refers to a pattern of beliefs about where control and responsibility reside; two types
1- internal
2- external

31
Q

Internal locus of control

A

you’re in control of what happens to you

32
Q

External locus of control

A

life happens to them; it is always someone else’s fault

33
Q

Expectancy

A

predictions about consequences or outcomes of behaviors

34
Q

Self-efficacy

A

beliefs about our ability and effectiveness in reaching goals

35
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

multidirectional interactions among cognition, behaviors, and the environment

36
Q

Traits

A

the relatively stable properties that describe elements of personality

37
Q

Trait theories

A

theories that focus on personality dimensions and their influence on behavior; can be used to predict behaviors

38
Q

The Big Five Personality Traits

A

OCEAN
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism

39
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

proposed three dimensions of personality:
1- introversion-extraversion
2- neuroticism
3- psychoticism

40
Q

AIM

A

A- anxiety/aggressive
I- irritable/impulsive
M- mood swings manipulation

41
Q

2 categories of personality traits

A

1- subjective
2- objective

42
Q

Subjective

A

based on intuition, clinical judgment, opinion, or interruption

43
Q

Objective

A

administered and evaluated using standardized procedures

44
Q

Reliability

A

the degree to which assessment produces stable and consistent results

45
Q

Validity

A

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

46
Q

Projective Personality Tests

A

assessments that present stimuli without a specified meaning to test takers, whose responses can be interpreted to uncover underlying personality characteristics:
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

47
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • development by Murray
  • assumes that the test taker will project underlying conflicts onto the ambiguous stimuli of the picture, with the job of the test administrator being to unearth them
48
Q

Objective Personality Tests

A

use a standard set of equations with answer choices and have clear scoring instructions that are identical for everyone taking the test:
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
- 16 Personality Factor Test
- Myer-Briggs Personality Test

49
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • the most commonly used objective personality test developed to identify disorders and abnormal behaviors
  • contains 10 clinical scales as well validity scales
50
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A

personality types related to four dimensions:
1- extraversion vs. introversion
2- sensing vs. intuition
3- thinking vs. feeling
4- judgement vs. perception

General Psychology (6 decks)

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