Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis

Question 0

“Self-feeders”; organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings; produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials from the environment

Answer 0

Autotrophs

Question 1

Process of capturing light energy to convert it to chemical energy and is stored in organic molecules; carried out by chloroplasts

Answer 1

Photosynthesis

Question 2

“Other-feeders”; organisms that live on compounds produced by other organisms

Answer 2

Heterotrophs

Question 3

Tissue in the interior of the leaf whose cells are where chloroplasts are mainly found

Answer 3

Mesophyll

Question 4

Microscopic pores that allows oxygen to exit and enter the leaf; “mouth”

Answer 4

Stomata

Question 5

Dense fluid within the chloroplast enveloped by two membranes and has thylakoids suspended in it; contains ribosomes and DNA; involved in synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and water

Answer 5

Stroma

Question 6

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast; exist in stacks (grabs) and the “machinery” in their membranes convert light energy to chemical energy

Answer 6

Thylakoid

Question 7

Green pigment that gives leaves their color

Answer 7

Chlorophyll

Question 8

“Photo” part of photosynthesis; these reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing O2 in process

Answer 8

Light reactions

Question 9

“Synthesis” part of photosynthesis; involves fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of fixed carbon into the carbohydrate

Answer 9

Calvin Cycle

Question 10

An electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions

Answer 10

NADP+

Question 11

Process of generating ATP from ADP + Pi by means of chemiosmosis using a proton motive force generated across the thylakoids membrane of the chloroplast during light reactions

Answer 11

Photophosphorylation

Question 12

Initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds

Answer 12

Carbon fixation

Question 13

Distance between crests of electromagnetic waves

Answer 13

Wavelength

Question 14

Entire range of radiation

Answer 14

Electromagnetic spectrum

Question 15

Narrow band of of the electromagnetic spectrum from about 380nm - 750nm in wavelength; can be detected by human eye as various colors

Answer 15

Visible light

Question 16

Not tangible objects but act as such because each has a fixed quantity of energy; discrete particles of light

Answer 16

Photons

Question 17

An instrument that allows measurement of a pigment’s wavelength by detecting beams of light of different wavelengths through a solution of the pigment and measures the fraction of the light transmitted at each wavelength

Answer 17

Spectrophotometer

Question 18

A graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

Answer 18

Absorption spectrum

Question 19

Key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in light reactions

Answer 19

Chlorophyll a

Question 20

Accessory pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

Answer 20

Chlorophyll b

Question 21

A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process

Answer 21

Action spectrum

Question 22

Other accessory pigments; hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violet and blue-green light; broaden spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

Answer 22

Carotenoids

Question 23

A light-capturing unit in the thylakoid membrane consisting of a reaction center complex surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes

Answer 23

Photosystem

Question 24

An organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

Answer 24

Reaction center complex

Question 25

A complex of proteins associated with various pigment molecules (chlorophyll a, b, and multiple carotenoids) that capture light energy and transfers it to reaction center pigments in a photosystem

Answer 25

Light harvesting complex

Question 26

A molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

Answer 26

Primary electron acceptor

Question 27

One of two light capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane; has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center; functions first in light reactions

Answer 27

Photosystem 2

Question 28

A light capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane; has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll at its reaction center; functions second in light reactions

Answer 28

Photosystem 1

Question 29

Flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecular components built into the thylakoid membrane; key to energy transformations

Answer 29

Linear electron flow

Question 30

A short circuit alternate path photoexcited electrons can take which uses Photosystem 1 but not Photosystem 2

Answer 30

Cyclic electron flow

Question 31

3 carbon sugar produced directly from the Calvin Cycle; for 1 molecule of G3P to be produced, cycle must occur 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2

Answer 31

Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G3P)

Question 32

Enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of each CO2 molecule to a 5-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate

Answer 32

Rubisco

Question 33

A plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material forming a 3-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate

Answer 33

C3 plants

Question 34

A plant in which he Calvin Cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin Cycle

Answer 34

C4 plant

Question 35

A metabolic pathway that consumes O2 and ATP releases CO2 and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, bright days when stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco

Answer 35

Photorespiration

Question 36

Cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf in C4 plants

Answer 36

Bundle-sheath cells

Question 37

An enzyme only present in mesophyll cells that adds CO2 to PEP forming the 4-carbon product oxaloacetate

Answer 37

PEP carboxylase

Question 38

An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions first discovered in the family crassulaceae; a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night, then during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin Cycle

Answer 38

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Question 39

A plant that uses CAM

Answer 39

CAM plant

Question 40

Generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis

Answer 40

Chemiosmosis