Chapter 10 Plants

Question 0

Alternation of generation

Answer 0

Life cycle of a plant.

• One generation is GAMEOTOPHYTE (all cells are haploid (n))
• Next generation is SPOROPHYTE (cells are diploid (2n))

Question 1

Plants are defined as ______, ______,________.

Answer 1

Multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

Question 2

When did plants evolve from aquatic green algae?

Answer 2

500 million years ago. Colonized land during the paleozoic era.
adaptation to dry environments

Question 3

Bryophytes

Answer 3

Plants with no xylem and phloem, absorb water by diffusion from air

• non vascular plants
  ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Restricted to moist habitats and are tiny. Ex. sphagnum or peat moss

• use flagellated sperm to swim through water to fertilize egg
• no liginin tissue to support a tall plant

Question 4

Tracheophytes

Answer 4

Plants with xylem and phloem

• has seedless plants (ferns which reproduce by spores)
• and has seed plants such as gymnosperms and angiosperms
• do not require watery environment for fertilization since the sperm of speed plants have no flagella

Other characteristics

• lignified transport vessels to support plants
• roots absorb water while anchoring for support
• leaves increase photosynthetic surface
• life cycle with a dominate sporophyte generation

Question 5

Gymnosperms

Answer 5

Cone bearing
first seed plants to appear
ex. cedars, sequoias, redwoods, pines, yews, and junipers

exposed on modified leaves that form cones which are better adapted from a dry environment
-depend on wind for pollination

Question 6

Angiosperms

Answer 6

Also referred as Anthophyta which are flowering plants

• most diverse plant species
  ex. roses, daisies, apples, and lemons
• Monocotyledons such as corn, wheat, rye, and oats (monocots)
• Dicotyledon such as peanuts (dicots)

After pollination and fertilization, the ovary becomes the fruit and the ovule becomes the seed
-fruit protects the dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

Question 7

Ferns

Answer 7

Seedless tracheophytes

• reproduce by spores instead of seeds
• they are homosporous (only produce one type of spore which develops into a bisexual gametophyte)
• they have transport tissues are are tall, they are still restricted to moist habitats because their sperm must swim from the antheridium to the archegonium to fertilize the egg

Question 8

Homosporous

Answer 8

only produce one type of spore which develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Question 9

Heterosporous

Answer 9

Produce 2 types of spores- megaspores and microspores

Question 10

Megaspores

Answer 10

Develop into the female gametophyte

Question 11

Microspores

Answer 11

develop into the male gametophyte

Question 12

Sporopollenin

Answer 12

tough polymer resistant to all kinds of environmental damage and protects plants in a harsh terrestrial environment.
-found in walls of spres and pollen

Question 13

Gametangia

Answer 13

Protective jacket of cells that are found in gametes and zygotes that prevents drying out

Question 14

Stomates

Answer 14

open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excessive water loss

Question 15

What are plants means of dispersing offspring?

Answer 15

Through seeds and pollen

Question 16

Meristem

Answer 16

tissue in plants that continually divides and generates new cells

Question 17

Primary growth

Answer 17

Elongation of the plant down the into the soil and up into the air

Question 18

Apical meristem

Answer 18

is located at the tips of the roots and the buds of the shoot which is a source of primary growth

Question 19

Lateral meristem

Answer 19

source of secondary growth

Question 20

Secondary growth

Answer 20

increase in girth

Question 21

What type of growth is seen in herbaceous (nonwoody) plants?

Answer 21

Primary growth

Question 22

What type of growth is found in woody plants?

Answer 22

Secondary growth is responsible for the gradual thickening of the roots and shoots formed from early primary growth

Question 23

What are the three different types of plant tissues?

Answer 23

Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue

Question 24

Dermal tissue

Answer 24

covers and protects the plants | it includes epidermis and modified like guard cells, root hairs, and cells that produce a waxy cuticle

Question 25

Vascular tissue

Answer 25

consists of xylem and phloem | -transport water and nutrients around the plant

Question 26

Xylem

Answer 26

water and mineral conducting tissue - consists of elongated cells - tracheids and vessel elements - usually dead at functional maturity

Question 27

Tracheids

Answer 27

``` long, thin cells that overlap and are tapered at the ends function to support the plant as well as to transport nutrients and water ``` seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms have only tracheids

Question 28

Vessel elements

Answer 28

wider, shorter, thinner walled and less tapered than tracheids Perforated to allow free flow through the vessel tubes Most angiosperm have both tracheids and vessel members

Question 29

Phloem

Answer 29

carries sugars from the photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by active transport consists of sieve tube members which contain sieve plates that facilitat the flow of fluid from one cell to the next -alive at maturity unlike xylem but lack nuclei, ribosomes, and vacuoles

Question 30

Ground tissue

Answer 30

the most common tissues for plants - functions as support, storage and photosynthesis - has 3 cell types PARENCHYMA, COLLENCHYMA, SCLERENCHYMA

Question 32

Parenchymal cells

Answer 32

look like classic plant cells - have primary cell walls that are thin and flexible - lack secondary cell walls the protoplasm contains one large vacuole and carries out the metabolic functions when turgid and swollen with water they give support and shape to the plant. -retain their ability to divide and differenciate into other cell types after an injury

Question 33

Collenchymal cells

Answer 33

have uneven thick primary cell walls lack secondary walls -function: supports the growing stem

Question 34

Sclernchymal cells

Answer 34

have thick primary and secodary cell walls with lignin -function to support the plant they have 2 forms of cells such as fibers and scleriods.

Question 35

What are the three function of roots?

Answer 35

absorb nutrients, anchor the plant, store food

Question 36

Epidermis

Answer 36

covers the entire surface of the root and is used for absorption. -Root hairs increased absorptive surface area

Question 37

Cortex

Answer 37

consists of parenchymal cells which contain PLASTIDS for the storage of starch and other organic substances

Question 38

Stele

Answer 38

also known as the vascular cylinder consists of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). the vascular tissues are surrounded by one or more layers called the pericycle where lateral roots arise

Question 39

Endoderm

Answer 39

Vascular cylinder is surrounded by a tightly packed layer of cells called the endodermis each endoderm cell is wrapped with the CASPARIAN STRIP- a waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals function: to select what minerals enter the vascular cylinder and the body of the plant

Question 40

Apical meristem

Answer 40

located at the tips and roots which provides PRIMARY GROWTH

Question 41

3 Different stages of primary growth

Answer 41

Zone of cell division (apical meristem), zone of elongation, and zone of differentiation

Question 42

Root cap

Answer 42

The root tip is protected by a root cap secretes substance that digests the soil as the root tip grows

Question 43

Zone of cell division

Answer 43

consists of meristem cells | are actively dividing and make new cells that grow down into the soil

Question 44

Zone of elongation

Answer 44

cells elongate and are responsible for pushing the root cap deeper into the soil

Question 45

zone of differentiation

Answer 45

Undergo specialization into three primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems : protodern, ground meristem, procambium

Question 46

Protoderm

Answer 46

becomes the epidermis

Question 47

Ground meristem

Answer 47

becomes the cortex

Question 48

procambium

Answer 48

becomes the primary xylem and phloem

Question 49

Taproot

Answer 49

large root that has lateral branch roots in dicots they primarily have taproots.

Question 50

Fibrous root system

Answer 50

Common in monocots ex. grasses

Question 51

Adventitious roots

Answer 51

roots that rise above the ground

Question 52

Aerial roots

Answer 52

roots that stick up out of the water to serve to aerate root cells ex. trees that grow in swamps or salt marshes and mangrooves

Question 53

Prop roots

Answer 53

roots that grow above ground out from the base of the stem to support the plant ex. tall plants like corn

Question 54

Vascular bundles

Answer 54

contains xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside and meristem inbetween

Question 55

Lateral meristem

Answer 55

responsible for secondary growth. replaces the epidermis with a secondary dermal tissue such as bark a secondary lateral meristem adds layers of vascular tissue

Question 56

Guard cells

Answer 56

modified epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts and control the openings of stomates when cells become turgid they make stomate open when cells lose water and become flaccid the stomata closes

Question 57

Palisade and spongy mesophyll cells

Answer 57

function for photosynthesis

Question 58

Vascular bundles (veins)

Answer 58

located in mesophyll carry water and nutrients from the soil to the leaces carry sugar (from photosynthesis) from leaves to plants

Question 59

Transport of xylem

Answer 59

requires no energy | -fluid is pushed up by root pressure or pulled up by transpirational pull

Question 60

Transpiration

Answer 60

evaporation of water from leaves causes tension (negative pressure) in the xylem from the roots to the leaces

Question 61

Transpirational pull-cohesion tension theory

Answer 61

for each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaf by transcription, another molecule of water is drawn into the root to replace it

Question 62

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 62

- High humidity (slows down) low humidity (speeds up) - Wind reduce humidity (increase) - Increased light, increases photosynthesis , increases the amount of water transpires - closing stomates STOPS TRANSPIRTAION

Question 63

Vegetative propogation

Answer 63

root, stem or leaf produces a new genetically identical plant