Chapter 10: Research Methods in Psychology

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

The reliance of observable data

Question 2

Self-Reports

Answer 2

An indication about out internal state or subjective feeling

Question 3

Testability

Answer 3

Scientific explanations that can be proved true or false by looking at empirical data.

Question 4

Parsimony

Answer 4

Simplicity

Question 5

Determinism

Answer 5

The belief that a behavior follows a lawful order and is ultimately predictable

Question 6

Basic Research

Answer 6

Designed to answer theoretical questions or satisfy the curiosity of the researcher, it initially appears to have no practical implications

Question 7

Applied Research

Answer 7

Research where the practical implications and applications are obvious

Question 8

Population

Answer 8

All members of a group

Question 9

Biased Sample

Answer 9

A sample from people who have a population who have a characteristic or a set of characteristics that may affect the outcome of the research.

Question 10

Random Sample

Answer 10

A sample in which all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Question 11

Representative Sample

Answer 11

Has all of the relevant characteristics of the population of interest, represented in the same proportions

Question 12

What are the 5 research methods?

Answer 12

Descriptive/Observational
Correlational
Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Small-n

Question 13

Descriptive Research

Answer 13

Observing and describing a behavior

Question 14

Naturalistic observation

Answer 14

The observation of a behavior that takes place in a natural or normal setting

Question 15

Participant Observation

Answer 15

Joining a group or situation in order to study behavior

Question 16

Interview/Survey

Answer 16

Participants are asked to respond to a series of questions

Question 17

Case Studies

Answer 17

In-depth studies of individuals

Question 18

Correlation Research

Answer 18

The study of the degree to which 2 variables are related to one another

Question 19

Variables

Answer 19

Anything that can change or take on different values

Question 20

Positive Correlation

Answer 20

Variables change in the same direction at the same time

Question 21

Negative Correlations

Answer 21

Variables change in opposite directions at the same time

Question 22

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 22

The statistic or number representing the degree to which the 2 variables are related

Question 23

Experimental Research

Answer 23

The manipulations of variables to determine cause and effect

Question 24

Independent Variable

Answer 24

Variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter

Question 25

Dependent Variable

Answer 25

Variable that is measured; the outcome

Question 26

Treatment Group

Answer 26

Participants exposed to the independent variable

Question 27

Control Group

Answer 27

Participants not exposed to the independent variable

Question 28

Extraneous Variable

Answer 28

Variable other than the independent and dependent variables that are present in the experimental situation

Question 29

Quasi-Experimental Research

Answer 29

Active manipulation of independent variable is not possible

Question 30

Small-n Research

Answer 30

Uses only a few participants, or sometimes only uses one

Question 31

ABA Design

Answer 31

Used to answer basic research questions when there is no immediate practical application in mind

Question 32

Identify the ABA for ABA Design

Answer 32

``` A =  Baseline phase: Initial level of response before intervention. B =  Treatment phase: The intervention is added. A =  Second baseline phase: After intervention is removed. ```

Question 33

ABAB Reversal Design

Answer 33

Adds a second treatment phase so that the research ends with the treatment in effect. Commonly used to answer applied research questions.

Question 34

What are the four criteria of science?

Answer 34

Empiricism Testability Parsimony Determinism