Chapter 10-Research Methods In Psychology

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

The reliance on observable data.

Question 2

Testability

Answer 2

Scientific explanation that can be proved true or false by looking at empirical data.

Question 3

Parsimony

Answer 3

Simplicity

Question 4

Determinism

Answer 4

The belief that a behavior follows a lawful order and is ultimately predictable.

Question 5

The purposes of research

Answer 5

Answer theoretical questions, or satisfy the curiosity of the researcher

• Basic research
• Applied research

Question 6

Basic research

Answer 6

Designed to answer theoretical questions or satisfy the curiosity of the researcher, it initially appears to have no practical implications

Question 7

Applied research

Answer 7

Research where the practical implications and applications are obvious

Question 8

Population

Answer 8

All members of a group

Question 9

Biased sample

Answer 9

A sample of people from a population who have a characteristic born set of characteristics that may be affect the outcome of the research

Question 10

Random sampling

Answer 10

A sample in which all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample

Question 11

Representative sampling

Answer 11

Has all the relevant characteristics of the population of interest, represented in the same proportions.

Question 12

Research methods

Answer 12

• Descriptive/observational
• Correlational
• Experimental
• Quasi-experimental
• Small-n

Question 13

Descriptive research

Answer 13

Observing and describing a behavior

Question 14

-Naturalist observation

Answer 14

The observation of the behavior takes place in its natural or normal setting

Question 15

-Participant observation

Answer 15

Joining a group or situation in order to study behavior

Question 16

-Interviews and surveys

Answer 16

Participants are asked to respond to a series of questions

Question 17

-Case studies

Answer 17

In-depth studies of individuals

Question 18

Correlational research method

Answer 18

The study of the degree to which two variables are related to one another

Question 19

*Variables

Answer 19

Anything that can change or take on different values

Question 20

Positive correlation

Answer 20

Variables change in the same direction at the same time

Question 21

Negative correlation

Answer 21

Variables change in opposite directions at the same time

Question 22

Correlation coefficient

Answer 22

The static of number representing the degree to which two variables related

Question 23

Experimental research method

Answer 23

The manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect

Question 24

*Independent variable

Answer 24

Variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter

Question 25

*Dependent variable

Answer 25

Variable that is measured, the outcome

Question 26

*Treatment group

Answer 26

Participants exposed to the independent variable

Question 27

*Control group

Answer 27

Participants not exposed to the independent variable

Question 28

*Extraneous variables

Answer 28

Variable other than the independent and dependent variables that are present in the experimental situation

Question 29

Quasi-experimental research method

Answer 29

Active manipulation of independent variable is not possible

Question 30

Small-n research method

Answer 30

Use only a few participants, or sometimes only one ABA reversal design

Question 31

ABA design

Answer 31

Used to answer basic research questions when there is no immediate practical application in mind A= Baseline phase. Initial level of response before intervention B= Treatment phase. The intervention is added A= Second baseline phase. After intervention is removed

Question 32

ABAB reversal design

Answer 32

Add a second treatment phase so that the research ends with the treatment in effect. Commonly used to answer applied research questions.

Question 33

Experimenter and Participant Bias

Answer 33

Experimenter bias Participant bias Placebo Double-blind procedure

Question 34

Experimenter bias

Answer 34

Things a research may do that unknowingly affects the data and conclusions

Question 35

Participant bias

Answer 35

Effect of a participant's expectations on his or her responses

Question 36

Placebo

Answer 36

Medication that looks like the real thing but contains no active ingredients

Question 37

Double-blind procedure

Answer 37

Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows who is receiving treatment and who is receiving a placebo

Question 38

Using statistic to summarize and draw conclusions

Answer 38

1. Descriptive statistics | 2. Inferential statistics

Question 39

1.Descriptive statistics

Answer 39

Summary of data

Question 40

Typically two types of descriptive statistics are reported

Answer 40

- Measures of central tendency | - Measures of variable

Question 41

Measure of central tendency

Answer 41

A single number used to represent a set of data The three measures of central tendency are: Mean = average Median= middle Mode=most

Question 42

Measure of variability

Answer 42

Describe how spread out the data are. Range= The difference between highest value and lowest value Standard deviation= the measure of how much, on average, individual data differ from the mean

Question 43

2. Inferential statistics

Answer 43

Used to make predictions about populations based on samples - statistical significance =experimental results are realize and not merely due to chance. - Replication=repeating studies to verify results

Question 44

Ethical concerns

Answer 44

1. Institutional approval= received approval before conducting research 2. Informed consent =participants must be informed of the purpose of the research, their responsibilities and potential risk and benefits to them 3. Offering inducements for research participation 4. Deception in research 5. Debriefing = researchers must provide a timely opportunity for research participants to receive information about the research, results and conclusions

Question 45

Coefficient of correlation

Answer 45

The strength and direction of a relationship can be expressed (+1.00 to -1.00)

Question 46

Criteria of science

Answer 46

1. Empiricism 2. Test ability 3. Parsimony 4. Determinism