Chapter 10 Respiration and Artificial Ventilation Flashcards
Alveolar Ventilation
the amount of air that reaches the alveoli
Tidal Volume
the amount of air moved in one breath
- Normal tidal volume is typically 5-7mL per Kg of body weight
Minute Volume
The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs “Per Minute”
Dead Air Space
roughly a little less then a 1/3 of our tidal volume doesn’t reach alveoli. that remainder is found in the Trachea, Bronchioles, and other parts of airway is known as
Cellular respiration
Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 at the cellular level with circulating blood
Dysfunctions of CardioPulmonary System - pathophysiology
Mechanics Disrupted
- Patient stabbed in chest results in outside air filling pleural space resulting in harder time for lungs to create negative pressure to breath
- Medulla Oblongata damaged by trauma or disease
- some diseases are myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis
- Airway problems like Bronchoconstriction caused by COPD or asthma
Gas Exchange interrupted
- low O2 from environment
- Diffusion problems from disease like
- Heart failure and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Circulation Issues
- Not enough Blood - Severe Bleeding
- Hemoglobin Problems
- diseases like Anemia cause low amounts of hemoglobins in blood or when body pH becomes to Acidotic may make hemoglobins have a difficult time holding oxygen
Hypoxia
Low levels of Oxygen
Chemoreceptors
Receptors that detect increasing levels of CO2 in body as well as low O2
- stimulate respiratory system to breathe more rapidly
Hypercapnia
High levels of CO2
Respiratory Distress
increased level of breathing, HR and position change may be enough to meet challenge
- a sensation of shortness of breath S.O.B
Respiratory Failure
stage 2
- Hypoxic
- Stages of Hypercapnia
- muscles for respiration start to tire
- inadequate breathing
Respiratory Arrest
Stoppage of breathing
Respiratory Distress Signs and intervention
Adequate Breathing
Increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath
- O2 by nonrebreather mask (12-15ml of O2) or nasal cannula (2-6ml of O2)
Respiratory Failure Signs and Intervention
Inadequate Breathing
Signs
- patient has some breathing but not enough to live
- rate and/or depth outside of normal limits
- shallow ventilations
- diminished or absent breath sounds
- noises such as stridor, crowing, snoring, gasping, gurgling
- blue (cyanotic) or gray skin color
- decreased minute volume
- O2 saturation less then 95%
Intervention
- assisted ventilation with BVM maybe with O2 hooked up to it
Patient is not Breathing Signs and Intervention
Respiratory Arrest
When breathing completely stops
- Oxygen saturation extremely low or not obtainable
Intervention - Artificial Ventilation
- BVM - 10-12/min for adult, 20/min for child,
20+/min for infant
*Note: Don’t use O2 powered devices on infants or children
Cyanosis
A blue or gray color resulting from lack of oxygen in the body
Several major causes of Hypoxia
- O2 deprived environment
- Patient with emphysema
- patient ODs on Drugs resulting in low RR
- Heart attack disturbing circulatory to lungs
Negative sides effects of positive pressure ventilation
- Decreasing cardiac output/ dropping BP, positive pressure not letting heart fill back up
- gastric Distention - filling stomach with air through esophagus
- hyper ventilation - Too much carbon dioxide to be blown off. Causes vasoconstriction narrowing of the blood vessels, can limit blood flow to the brain.
Hyperventilation
Causes “Vasoconstriction” (narrowing of blood vessels) limiting blood flow to the brain
Techniques of artificial ventilation
- chest rise and fall
- rate of ventilation 10-12/ min for adults
- 20/min for children
- 20+ / min for infant
CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure
NPPV
- can only be used by what kind of patient?
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
- only by awake patients that are breathing on their own! Goes for CPAP and BiPAP
BiPAP
Biphasic continuous positive airway pressure
BVM
Bag Valve Mask
- at least 15L/min for O2
- bag will hold 1000-1600mL of air
- hooked to O2 without reservoir is 50%
- with reservoir provides 100%O2
