Chapter 10 - Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

Question 1

What is a stereotype?

Answer 1

A belief or cognition that associates a group of people with certain traits.

Question 1

What is prejudice?

Answer 1

A negative attitude or affective response toward a group and its members.

Question 2

What is discrimination?

Answer 2

Unfair behavior toward individuals based on their group membership.

Question 3

What is intergroup bias?

Answer 3

Systematic tendency to favor one’s own group over others.

Question 4

What is the economic perspective on prejudice?

Answer 4

Competition over limited resources fosters prejudice and discrimination between groups.

Question 5

What is the motivational perspective on prejudice?

Answer 5

Prejudice arises from psychological needs, such as boosting self-esteem or belonging.

Question 6

What is the cognitive perspective on prejudice?

Answer 6

Stereotyping is a natural result of categorizing people to simplify the social world.

Question 7

What is realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 7

Intergroup conflict and prejudice emerge from competition over scarce resources.

Question 8

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 8

Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups.

Question 9

What is the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 9

Even arbitrary group distinctions can trigger ingroup favoritism.

Question 10

What is social identity theory?

Answer 10

People derive self-esteem from their group memberships and favor their own groups.

Question 11

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Answer 11

The perception that outgroup members are more similar to each other than ingroup members.

Question 12

What is paired distinctiveness?

Answer 12

The tendency to link two distinctive events, reinforcing illusory correlations.

Question 13

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in intergroup interactions?

Answer 13

Stereotypes lead people to act in ways that elicit confirming behavior from targets.

Question 14

What is subtyping?

Answer 14

Creating a category for people who don’t fit a stereotype, preserving the original belief.

Question 15

What are implicit attitudes?

Answer 15

Unconscious negative or positive associations toward a group.

Question 16

How are implicit biases measured?

Answer 16

Tools like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) reveal automatic associations.

Question 17

What is the shooter bias?

Answer 17

Tendency to mistakenly perceive objects held by Black individuals as weapons.

Question 18

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 18

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group, which can impair performance.

Question 19

How does stereotype threat affect test performance?

Answer 19

It increases anxiety and self-monitoring, reducing working memory and performance.

Question 20

What is contact hypothesis?

Answer 20

Positive intergroup contact reduces prejudice when conditions are favorable.

Question 21

What conditions improve intergroup contact?

Answer 21

Equal status, shared goals, cooperation, and institutional support.

Question 22

What is the jigsaw classroom?

Answer 22

A cooperative learning method that reduces prejudice by fostering interdependence.

Question 23

How do superordinate goals reduce conflict?

Answer 23

They require groups to work together, fostering cooperation and reducing hostility.

Question 24

What is the role of norms in prejudice?

Answer 24

Changing social norms can reduce prejudiced attitudes and behaviors.

Question 25

How does perspective-taking reduce bias?

Answer 25

Imagining the world from another’s point of view increases empathy and reduces prejudice.

Question 26

What is the importance of cognitive resources in reducing stereotyping?

Answer 26

Being mindful and avoiding automatic thinking can help suppress stereotypes.

Question 27

What is automatic processing in stereotyping?

Answer 27

Unconscious activation of stereotypes when encountering group members.

Question 28

What is controlled processing in stereotyping?

Answer 28

Conscious efforts to overcome or suppress stereotypes.

Question 29

What is the ultimate attribution error?

Answer 29

Attributing outgroup failures to character and ingroup failures to circumstances.

Question 30

How do social norms influence prejudice?

Answer 30

Norms shape what attitudes are acceptable and guide behavior toward outgroups.

Question 31

What is modern (symbolic) racism?

Answer 31

Subtle, indirect forms of prejudice expressed when it seems socially acceptable.

Question 32

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 32

Subjectively positive but patronizing attitudes toward women that reinforce inequality.

Question 33

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 33

Openly negative attitudes toward women.

Question 34

What is aversive racism?

Answer 34

Unconscious negative feelings toward minorities despite conscious egalitarian beliefs.

Question 35

How does socialization shape prejudice?

Answer 35

People learn stereotypes and biases from family, peers, and media.

Question 36

How can media influence stereotypes?

Answer 36

Media often perpetuates stereotypes through selective portrayals.

Question 37

What is the just-world hypothesis?

Answer 37

The belief that people get what they deserve, which can justify inequality.

Question 38

How do scapegoating and frustration contribute to prejudice?

Answer 38

Displaced aggression toward outgroups when people are frustrated or under threat.

Question 39

What is dehumanization?

Answer 39

Denying human qualities to outgroup members, which facilitates mistreatment.

Question 40

What is ingroup favoritism?

Answer 40

Preferential treatment of ingroup members over outgroup members.

Question 41

How can multiculturalism reduce prejudice?

Answer 41

Valuing and recognizing group differences reduces bias better than colorblind approaches.

Question 42

What is the role of cross-categorization?

Answer 42

Highlighting multiple social categories can weaken strong ingroup-outgroup boundaries.

Question 43

How do emotions influence prejudice?

Answer 43

Feelings like fear, anger, or disgust can intensify intergroup bias.

Question 44

What is the contact hypothesis supported by research?

Answer 44

Evidence shows that meaningful, positive contact reduces prejudice across many groups.

Question 45

What are microaggressions?

Answer 45

Subtle, often unintentional slights or insults toward marginalized groups.

Question 46

What is the role of accountability in reducing bias?

Answer 46

Knowing one’s judgments will be reviewed encourages more fair, unbiased thinking.

Question 47

How does diversity training work?

Answer 47

It aims to increase awareness and reduce bias, though its long-term effects vary.

Question 48

Why is addressing structural inequality important?

Answer 48

Reducing prejudice also requires tackling systemic barriers, not just individual attitudes.

Question 49

What’s the overall message on reducing prejudice?

Answer 49

It requires both individual effort and structural change to achieve lasting impact.