Chapter- 10 The Respiratory System- Pulmonology Flashcards
adenoid/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: adenoid
Ex: adenoidectomy, adenoiditis
Notes: The word adenoid is formed by adding a suffix to the root adeno, which means “gland”: aden/o + oid = resembling a gland
tonsill/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: tonsil
Ex: tonsillectomy, tonsillitis
Notes: The word tonsil comes from a Latin word meaning “almond.” The Latin word has two I’s, but in English, one disappears.
nas/o (latin for “nose”), rhin/o (Greek for “nose”)
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: nose
Ex: nasogastric tube, nasendoscope, rhinorrhea, rhinoplasty
Notes: Rhinoceros is the combination of rhino and ceros (horn), which means “horn nose.”
laryng/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: larynx (voice box)
Ex: laryngospasm, laryngitis
Notes: Remember: the letter g is soft when followed by an i and hard when followed by an o (e.g., laryngGOspasm vs. larynJItis).
pharyng/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: pharynx (throat)
Ex: pharyngitis, pharyngostenosis
Notes: the pharynx is the pathway used by both food and air
trache/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: trachea (windpipe)
Ex: tracheotomy, tracheostomy
Notes: From the Greek word for “rough,” because of the bumpy ridges that line the outside of the trachea.
sept/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: septum (plural; septa )
Ex: septectomy, septoplasty
sin/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: sinus
Ex: sinusitis, sinusotomy
Notes: From a Latin word meaning “hollow” or “cavity,” sinus refers generally to any hollow area- specifically, those in bones.
sinus/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: sinus
Ex: sinusitis, sinusotomy
pneum/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: air or lungs
Ex: pneumomelanosis
Notes: These roots can mean either “lung” or “air.” Context and familiarity will help in determining which to use. For instance, it makes more sense to translate pneumothorax as “air in the chest” rather than “lung in the chest.”
The term pneumatic can also be found in the construction word. It refers to any tool that moves by forcing air into it (i.e., a pneumatic drill), as opposed to hydraulic tools, which involve the use of water instead of air (i.e., a hydraulic lift).
pneumat/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: air or lungs
Ex: pneumatology
pneumon/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: air or lungs
Ex: pneumonia
pulmon/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: lungs
Ex: pulmonologist, pulmonary
Notes: Pulmon/o is listed by itself instead of with the various forms of pneum/o because while pulmon/o means only “lung,” pneum/o can mean both “lung” (as in pneumonia) and “air” (as in pneumothorax).
lob/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: lobe
Ex: lobectomy, lobotomy
Notes: A lobe is a well-defined portion of any organ. The main organs that have lobes are the lungs, brain, and liver.
What is the difference between a lobectomy and a lobotomy?
bronch/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: bronchus
Ex: bronchoscope
Notes: The main branches from the trachea into each lung.
bronchi/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: bronchus
Ex: bronchiostenosis
Notes: the main branches from the trachea into each lung.
bronchiol/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: bronchiole
Ex: bronchiolitis, bronchiolectasis
Notes: The root bronchiole is actually formed by adding a diminutive suffix to another root: bronch/o + iole = little bronchus, which is a smaller subdivision of the bronchial tubes.
alveol/o
Upper Respiratory System
roots
Def: alveolus (air sac)
Ex: alveolitis, alveolar
Notes: Alveolus comes from a Latin word meaning “hollow” or “cavity.” the two main types are pulmonary alveoli, the air sacs in the lungs, and dental alveoli, the sockets in the jaw from which teeth emerge.
If you place your tongue on the roof of your mouth and move it forward, you will feel a bump called the alveolar ridge right before you get to your teeth.
stern/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: sternum
Ex: sternocostal, sternotomy
Notes: the sternum (also known as the breastbone) comes to a point at the bottom called the xiphoid (zai-foid) process. The term comes from the Greek word xiphos, meaning “sword.” Therefore, xiphoid means “resembling a sword.”
cost/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: rib
Ex: costectomy, costophrenic
Notes: Ribs are sometimes grouped into three categories: true, false, and floating, The top seven ribs are called “true” ribs because they attach to both the spine and the sternum. The next three ribs are called “false” ribs because they connect to the spine and to the lowest true rib instead of the sternum. The lowest two ribs are called “floating” ribs because they attach only to the spine.
thorac/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: chest
Ex: thoracic
pector/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: chest
Ex: pectoralgia
Notes: The root pector/o can also stand as a word by itself. When it does, however, the ending changes slightly, from pectoro to pectus. Hence, pectus excavatum.
The term stethoscope literally means “an instrument for looking at the chest,” but of course, you do not look with a stethoscope- you listen.
pleur/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: pleura
Ex: pleuritis, pleurectomy
Notes: The pleura is a membrane surrounding the lungs
phren/o *
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: diaphragm
Ex: phrenospasm, phrenoplegia
Notes: In addition to the diaphragm, phren/o can also refer to the brain (as in the term schizophrenia). The rationale comes from the ancient Greek view of the mind. The Greeks believed that the chest was the seat of emotion and reason. As that view changed and the location of the mind moved from the chest to the brain, the word for mind became applied to both regions of the body.
ox/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: oxygen
Ex; hypoxia, hypoxemia
Notes: hypoxia refers to a lack of oxygen in tissue cells. Hypooxemia refers to a lack of oxygen in the blood. If a hypoxic patient is also hypoxemic, then oxygen is not getting into the blood. If the person is not hypoxemic, then the problem lies in the transfer of oxygen from the blood to tissue. Diagnosing this problem is similar to tracking a package: If a customer does not receive a package, the delivery chain could have broken down in any number of places along the way. The package might never have been sent, might not have made it on the delivery truck, or might not have been delivered to the right door.
spir/o
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: breathing
Ex: spirometry
Notes: Spir/o also occurs in other words:
Perspire translates as “to breathe through.”
Conspire translates as “to breathe together”- no doubt coming from the idea that people who are conspiring can be thought of as being huddled together and breathing the same air.
Expire also contains the spir/o root and means “to breathe out.” It was originally written as exspire, but the letter s was dropped because x is made up of two k sounds. To test this, say expire and exspire. They are rarely pronounced differently.
-pnea
Lower Respiratory System
suffix
Def: breathing
Ex: sleep apnea
capn/o (Greek for “smoke”)
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: carbon dioxide
Ex: hypercapnia
carb/o (Latin for “coal”)
Lower Respiratory System
roots
Def: carbon dioxide
Ex: hypocarbia
Notes: One of the treatments for hyperventilation is to have the person breathe into a paper bag. A person who is hyperventilating has hypocarbia and thus needs to increase the carbon dioxide in his or her respiratory system
apnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: cessation of breathing
Pron: AP-nee-ah
Word Analysis
a/ pnea
not/ breathing
eupnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: good/ normal breathing
Pron: YOOP-nee-ah
Word Analysis
eu/ pnea
good/ breathing
tachypnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: rapid breathing
Pron: ta-KIP-nee-ah
Word Analysis
tachy/ pnea
fast/ breathing
bradypnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: slow breathing
Pron: brad-ip-NEE-ah
Word Analysis
brady/ pnea
slow/ breathing
hypopnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: shallow breathing
Pron: hai-POP-nee-ah
Word Analysis
hypo/ pnea
under/ breathing
hyperpnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: heavy breathing
Pron: hai-perp-NEE-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ pnea
over/ breathing
dyspnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: difficulty breathing
Pron: disp-NEE-ah
Word Analysis
dys/ pnea
bad/ breathing
orthopnea
breathing processes
subjective
Def: able to breathe only in an upright position
Pron: or-thop-NEE-ah
Word Analysis
ortho/ pnea
straight/ breathing
hyperventilation
breathing processes
subjective
Def: overbreathing; the condition of having too much air flowing into and out of the lungs; leads to hypocapnia
Pron: hai-per-ven-ti-LAY-shun
Word Analysis
hyper/ ventil/ ation
over/ breathing/ process
hypoventilation
breathing processes
subjective
Def: underbreathing; the condition of having too little air flowing into and out of the lungs; leads to hypercapnia
Pron: hai-po-ven-ti-LAY-shun
Word Analysis
hypo/ ventil/ ation
under/ breathing/ process
dysphonia
upper respiratory
subjective
Def: bad voice condition (also known as hoarseness)
Pron: dis-FON-ia
Word Analysis
dys/ phonia
bad/ sound/ voice
epistaxis
upper respiratory
subjective
Def: a nosebleed
Pron: ep-ee-STAKS-is
Word Analysis
from the Greek word epistazo, meaning “to drip out or upon”
rhinorrhagia
upper respiratory
subjective
Def: excessive blood flow from the nose (another term for a nosebleed)
Pron: rai-no-RAY-jah
Word Analysis
rhino/ rrhagia
nose/ excessive bleeding
rhinorrhea
upper respiratory
subjective
Def: runny nose
Pron: rai-no-REE-yah
Word Analysis
rhino/ rrhea
nose/ discharge
bronchospasm
lower respiratory
subjective
Def: involuntary contraction of the bronchus
Pron: BRON-ko-spaz-um
Word Analysis
broncho/ spasm
bronchus/ involuntary contraction
phrenospasm
lower respiratory
subjective
Def: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (also known as the hiccups)
Pron: fre-no-SPAZ-um
Word Analysis
phreno/ spasm
diaphragm/ involuntary contraction
pleuralgia
lower respiratory
subjective
Def: pain in the pleura
Pron: plur-AL-jah
Word Analysis
pleur/ algia
pleura/ pain
pleurodynia
lower respiratory
subjective
Def: pain in the pleura
Pron: plur-oh-DIH-nee-ah
Word Analysis
pleuro/ dynia
pleura/ pain
thoracalgia
lower respiratory
subjective
Def: chest pain
Pron: thor-a-KAL-jah
Word Analysis
thorac/ algia
chest/ pain
bronchorrhea
discharges and secretions
subjective
Def: discharge from the bronchi
Pron: eks-pec-tor-A-shun
Word Analysis
broncho/ rrhea
bronchus/ discharge
expectoration
discharges and secretions
subjective
Def: coughing or splitting material out of the lungs
Pron: eks-pec-tor-A-shun
Word Analysis
ex/ pector/ ation
out/ chest/ process
hemoptysis*
discharges and secretions
subjective
Def: coughing up blood
Pron: heem-op-TIS-is
Word Analysis
hemo/ ptysis
blood/ cough
sputum
discharges and secretions
subjective
Def: mucus discharged from the lungs by coughing
Pron: SPYOO-tum
Word Analysis
Latin for “spit”
auscultation
physical findings and examination methods
objective
Def: a health care professional using a stethoscope to listen to a patient’s chest
Pron: ah-skul-TAY-shun
Word Analysis
from the Latin word ausculto, meaning “to listen”
cyanosis
physical findings and examination methods
objective
Def: a bluish color in the skin caused by insufficient oxygen
Pron: sai-an-O-sis
Word Analysis
cyan/ osis
blue/ condition
pectoriloquy *
physical findings and examination methods
objective
Def: speaking from the chest; used as a means of finding masses in the lung. A health professional listening to a patient’s chest asks the patient to whisper a word. The word will be audible in areas where fluid or a mass is present. Hence the chest “speaks” in those places.
Pron: pek-tor-IH-low-kwee
Word Analysis
pectori/ loquy
chest/ speak
Note: A common related word is a ventriloquist, a person who makes a puppet appear to talk. Venter means “stomach”; thus ventriloquist translates as “one who speaks from his stomach.”
pectus carnatum *
physical findings and examination methods
objective
Def: a chest that protrudes like the keel of a ship
Pron: PEK-tus car-ee-NAH-tum
Word Analysis
pectus carinatum
chest keel
percussion *
physical findings and examination methods
objective
Def: striking the body surface (in this context, to cause vibrations that can help locate fluid buildup in the chest)
Pron: per-KUH-shun
Word Analysis
from the Latin word percussio, meaning “to strike”
retraction
physical findings and examination methods
objective
Def: the sucking in of the skin around bones during inhalation, happens when someone is in respiratory distress
Pron: reh-TRAK-shun
Word Analysis
re/ trac/ tion
back/ drag/ process
atelectasis *
pathology
objective
Def: incomplete expansion
Pron: ah-tel-EK-ta-sis
Word Analysis
a/ tel/ ectasis
not/ complete/ expansion
bronchiectasis
pathology
objective
Def: expansion of the bronchi
Pron: bron-key-EK-ta-sis
Word Analysis
bronchi/ ectasis
bronchus/ expansion
caseous necrosis *
pathology
objective
Def: the death of tissue with a cheeselike appearance
Pron: KAYZ-ee-us ne-CROW-sis
Word Analysis
caseous necr/ osis
cheeselike death/ condition
chylothorax
pathology
objective
Def: chyle in the chest
Pron: kai-low-THOR-aks
Word Analysis
chylo/ thorax
chyle/ chest
Note: chyle is a milky bodily fluid formed in the small intestine during digestion of fatty foods and carried through the body via lymph vessels
empyema *
pathology
objective
Def: pus inside the chest
Pron: em-pie-EE-mah
Word Analysis
em/ py/ ema
in/ pus/ condition
hemothorax
pathology
objective
Def: blood in the chest
Pron: heem-o-THOR-aks
Word Analysis
hemo/ thorax
blood/ chest
phrenoplegia
pathology
objective
Def: paralysis of the diaphragm
Pron: fre-no-PLEE-jah
Word Analysis
phreno/ plegia
diaphragm/ paralysis
phrenoptosis
pathology
objective
Def: drooping of the diaphragm
Pron: fre-nop-TOE-sis
Word Analysis
phreno/ ptosis
diaphragm/ drooping condition
pleural effusion
pathology
objective
Def: fluid pouring out into the pleura
Pron: PLUR-al ef-YOO-zhun
Word Analysis
pleur/ al ex/ fusion
pleura/ pertaining to out/ pour
