Chapter 10 vocab

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Question 2

Adolescence

Answer 2

transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 3

anxious/ambivalent attachments

Answer 3

inconsistent responding to caregivers and by a child’s experiences of anxiety about the caregiver’s availability

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Question 5

authoritarian parents

Answer 5

impose rules and expect obedience, kids tend to have less social skills and self-esteem

Question 6

Authoritative parents

Answer 6

both demanding and responsive

Question 7

Centration

Answer 7

the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting important aspects

Question 8

avoidant attachments

Answer 8

when an infant/child doesn’t consistently receive the care and attention they need to develop a healthy relationship with parent/caregiver

Question 8

Cognition

Answer 8

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communication

Question 9

concrete operational stage

Answer 9

in Piaget’s theory, stage of cognitive development from 6/7-11 years when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 10

Conservation

Answer 10

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain in the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 11

critical periods

Answer 11

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli/experience produces proper development

Question 12

crystallized intelligence

Answer 12

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 13

developmental psychologist

Answer 13

branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

Question 13

Dementia

Answer 13

an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment

Question 14

Embryo

Answer 14

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

Question 15

embryonic period

Answer 15

the 2nd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2nd month

Question 16

Erik Erikson

Answer 16

identified 8 stages in which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death, psychological development theory

Question 17

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Answer 17

a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Question 17

fetal period

Answer 17

lasting from 9 weeks to birth-rapid body growth,muscle and bones form,brain cells multiple

Question 18

Fetus

Answer 18

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 19

fluid intelligence

Answer 19

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood,the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns

Question 20

formal operational stage

Answer 20

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (age 12) when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 21

germinal period

Answer 21

the 1st phase of prenatal development usually encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception

Question 22

Habituation

Answer 22

decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Question 23

Harry Harlow

Answer 23

American psychologist best known for maternal separation on monkeys, depending needs, social isolation experiments with primates

Question 24

Imprinting

Answer 24

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in their life

Question 25

Jean Piaget

Answer 25

cognitive developmental theory, stages = sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 26

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 26

moral developmental, assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers

Question 27

Lev Vgotsky

Answer 27

Russian psychologist, social-cultural perspective, emphasized how a child would grow to become an adult and come to develop thoughts, behaviors, beliefs

Question 28

Maturation

Answer 28

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 28

motor development

Answer 28

the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Question 28

Nature

Answer 28

innate biological factors that influence development and personality

Question 29

Nurture

Answer 29

external and environmental factors, like learning that influence development and personality

Question 30

object permanence

Answer 30

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 31

Overregularization

Answer 31

mistake in language learning in which a child correctly generalizes grammatical rules to irregular cases where they don’t apply

Question 31

permissive parents

Answer 31

very attuned to children’s feelings rarely say no to demands, give into their children’s desires

Question 32

primary sex characteristics

Answer 32

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia)

Question 33

Puberty

Answer 33

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Question 34

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 34

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair

Question 34

Schema

Answer 34

a concept/framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 35

secure attachments

Answer 35

exhibits a consistent, interdependent, and confident style of relating in a relationship, feel safe and supported by their caregivers

Question 36

separation anxiety

Answer 36

emotional distress seen in many infants when they’re separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Question 37

social clock

Answer 37

culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement

Question 38

social learning theory

Answer 38

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Question 38

Temperament

Answer 38

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 39

Teratogen

Answer 39

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and causes harm

Question 40

zone of proximal development

Answer 40

the zone between what a child learn with or without help, The distance between where a learner is at developmentally on their own & where a learner could be with the help of a more knowledgeable other

Question 41

Zygote

Answer 41

the fertilized egg, enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo