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Physics > Chapter 11,12 - Waves > Flashcards

Chapter 11,12 - Waves Flashcards

1
Q

Outline progressive wave

A

An oscillation that travels through matter or a vacuum, transferring energy from one place to another, but not transferring matter. The particles in the matter vibrate as the wave passes through them, but they do not move along with the wave.

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2
Q

Define transverse wave and give examples

A

Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave travel or energy transfer. They have peaks and troughs at maximum and minimum points of displacement.
E.g. Electromagnetic waves or water surface waves

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3
Q

Define longitudinal waves and give examples

A

Oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave travel or energy transfer. They have areas of compression, where particles are close together, and areas of rarefaction, where particles are more spread out.
E.g. sound and seismic p waves

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4
Q

Displacement

A

The distance from the equilibrium position in a particular direction

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5
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position

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6
Q

Wavelength

A

Minimum distance between two adjacent points on a wave oscillating in phase

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7
Q

Period

A

Time taken for one complete oscillation of one wavelength to pass a given point

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8
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete oscillations passing a given point per unit time

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9
Q

Wave speed

A

The average distance travelled by a wave per unit time

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10
Q

Phase difference

A

Difference in displacement of particles along a wave, or in two different waves.

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11
Q

Phase difference for particles in phase

A

multiple of 2pi or 360 degrees

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12
Q

Phase difference for out of phase particles

A

separation in wavelengths between particles / wavelength x 360 degrees

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13
Q

In phase and in antiphase

A

in phase = 0 or 360 degrees

antiphase = 180 degrees

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14
Q

Equation for time period

A

1/frequency

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15
Q

wave equation

A

v=fλ

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16
Q

Can progressive waves be reflected, refracted and diffracted?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Define reflection and the law of

A

when a wave changes direction at a boundary between two media, angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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18
Q

what happens to the wavelength and frequency after reflection

A

Stay the same

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19
Q

Define refraction

A

When a wave changes direction due to a change in speed, when it enters a new medium.

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20
Q

What happens to wavelength and frequency after refraction

A
  • frequency remains constant

- but if speed increases, v=fλ states that λ must also increase

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21
Q

What happens to the speed of sound through denser materials

A

speeds up

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22
Q

What happens to em wave speed through denser materials

A

slow down

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23
Q

What will always happen to light incident on a surface

A

partial reflection

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24
Q

Define diffraction

A

the spreading out of a wave front as it passes through a gap

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25
What happens to λ, v and f after diffraction
stay the same
26
When will maximum diffraction occur
when the gap the wave passes through is the same size as the wavelength of the incident wave
27
Can longitudinal waves be polarized?
No as direction of energy transfer is already parallel to oscillations, only transverse waves can be polarized
28
Define plane polarisation
A wave that only oscillates in one plane, e.g. vertical propagation
29
Why is light so hard to diffract?
such a small wavelength so require such a small gap
30
Explain what partial polarization is and why sunglasses can be designed using them
- When there are more wave oscillating in one particular plane, but the wave isn't completely plane polarized. - Light reflected off water is partially polarized. - Most of this light is oscillating in the horizontal plane and so sunglasses can contain polarizing filters which allow only one plane of light to pass through, reducing the glare reflected off flat surfaces like lakes
31
Define Intensity of a progressive wave
Radiant power passing at right angles through a surface per unit area - I = P/A
32
Relationship of intensity and amplitude
Intensity α Amplitude squared
33
Define electromagnetic waves
Transverse progressive waves consisting of magnetic and electric fields which oscillate at right angles to each other and can travel through a vacuum.
34
Order of EM spectrum from longest λ to shortest
``` Radio (low frequency) Micro Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma (high frequency) ```
35
Order of visible light spectrum from longest λ to shortest
``` Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet ```
36
λ of radiowaves
10^3
37
λ of microwaves
10^-2
38
λ of infrared
10^-5
39
λ of visible
0.5x10^-6
40
λ of ultraviolet
10^-8
41
λ of x-ray
10^-10
42
λ of gamma
>10^-12
43
equation for refractive index
``` n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium n = c/v ```
44
angle to determine angle of refraction , θ1
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ
45
how do you measure angles of refraction and reflection
to the normal
46
define total internal reflection
Occurs at a boundary between two transparent media , with no refraction - all of the light incident on the boundary is reflected back into the original medium.
47
Conditions for total internal reflection
- light must be travelling from a high refractive index to a low refractive index - the angle of incidence of the ray to the normal must be the critical angle
48
what is the critical angle
angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90 degrees
49
equation for critical angle
sinC = 1/n | however only useful if original medium is air
50
Principle of superposition
when two waves meet at a point, they overlap and superpose, the resultant wave at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements of the initial waves.
51
define coherent
waves emitted with constant and unchanging phase difference
52
Define interference
Superposition occurring between two coherent waves
53
How to tell if constructive or destructive interference is occurring?
constructive has even phase differences of 0, 2π, 4π, 6π.... | destructive has odd phase difference of π, 3π, 5π
54
what is monochromatic light
light of only a single wavelength
55
Young's double slit equation
λ = ax/d where a is the slit separation x is the distance between two adjacent maxima d is the distance from the screen
56
what is a diffraction grating
piece of transparent material with many opaque lines scratched onto it
57
Equation for order maxima
dsinθ = nλ | where n is the maxima number
58
stationary waves
a series of alternating nodes and antinodes
59
Formation of stationary waves
formed when two progressive waves with the same frequency and ideally amplitude, travelling in opposite directions, superpose.
60
node
point of no movement with zero amplitude
61
antinode
point of maximum displacement
62
equation for phase difference on a wave
180 degrees x n where n is the number of nodes between the two points
63
Do stationary waves transfer energy
No, they store it
64
what is the fundamental frequency
lowest possible frequency of vibration
65
what does the number of nodes on a stationary wave depend on
frequency
66
table of harmonics
in textbook
67
stationary waves
a series of alternating nodes and antinodes
68
Formation of stationary waves
formed when two progressive waves with the same frequency and ideally amplitude, travelling in opposite directions, superpose.
69
node
point of no movement with zero amplitude
70
antinode
point of maximum displacement
71
equation for phase difference on a wave
180 degrees x n where n is the number of nodes between the two points
72
Do stationary waves transfer energy
No, they store it
73
what is the fundamental frequency
lowest possible frequency of vibration
74
what does the number of nodes on a stationary wave depend on
frequency
75
table of harmonics
in textbook
76
stationary waves
a series of alternating nodes and antinodes
77
Formation of stationary waves
formed when two progressive waves with the same frequency and ideally amplitude, travelling in opposite directions, superpose.
78
node
point of no movement with zero amplitude
79
antinode
point of maximum displacement
80
equation for phase difference on a wave
180 degrees x n where n is the number of nodes between the two points
81
Do stationary waves transfer energy
No, they store it
82
what is the fundamental frequency
lowest possible frequency of vibration
83
what does the number of nodes on a stationary wave depend on
frequency
84
table of harmonics
in textbook

Physics (21 decks)

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