Chapter 11

Question 1

What is transduction?

Answer 1

Sending information to other cells (add more detail)

Question 2

What does cyclic AMP do?

Answer 2

Helps molecules diffuse through cytoplasm
Activates protein kinase A, which willl activate all the proteins required to create a response

Question 3

What is Cyclic AMP/cAMP? What is it activated by?

Answer 3

a tiny molecule that is the product that became activated by the G protein.

Question 4

How is cAMP produced?

Answer 4

Rearrangement of ATP- acquires different structure, (1 almost triangular structure with 1 phosphtae instead chain of phosphates)

Question 5

What do you need to recover/remove cAMP?

Answer 5

Phosphodiesterase

Question 6

What are the ways to direct proteins?

Answer 6

Activate something more or make a new protein.

Question 7

What does phosphodiesterase do?

Answer 7

Converts cAMP to AMP (reduces effect of cAMP in signal transduction pathways, act as an off switch)

Question 8

What do kinases do?

Answer 8

Dephosphorylates ATPs and phosphorylates proteins, which activates them

Question 9

What are some examples of kinases?

Answer 9

G proteins

Question 10

What do G proteins do?

Answer 10

-Activate Cyclic AMP
-Cleaves GTP and becomes inactive.
-G protein can hydrolyze GTP–>GDP, which switches G protein–>ADP.

Question 11

What is the G protein coupled receptor?

Answer 11

-Receptor that works with the G protein (binds with energy-rich GTP) (add more detail)

Question 12

How does long distance signalling work? What is the pathway?

Answer 12

Receptor proteins on target cells (organ –> bloodstream –> target cell)

Question 13

What is a ligand?

Answer 13

A molecule that bonds to another molecule

Question 14

What is a cell’s first response in communication?

Answer 14

Shape change in receptor is usually first response in communication.

Question 15

Where can receptors be found?

Answer 15

Surface or inside the cell, plasma membrane

Question 17

Ion channel receptors.

Answer 17

If a receptor is bound by signalling molecules, opens channel that allows transference of specific ions.

Question 18

What starts signaling pathways?

Answer 18

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 19

How do signalling pathways work?

Answer 19

Translate external stimulus into release of specific hormone from cells, which cause a physical response

Question 20

How does local cell signalling work? Where is it found?

Answer 20

Lets cells communicate through direct ontact. Especially important in embryos.

Question 21

What does local cell signalling move?

Answer 21

signaling molecules (Molecules made in response to a specific event).

Question 22

What does long distance cell communication require?

Answer 22

Requires receptors- proteins that can bind specifically to the hormone.

Question 23

What are integral protein coupled receptors?

Answer 23

inserted, span width of plasma membrane with extracellular domain and intracellular too.

Question 24

What do receptors do?

Answer 24

A receptor allows hormones to interact with cells so cell can respond.

Question 25

What does epinephrine do?

Answer 25

Epinephrine causwes pathway of molecules that makes an enzyme that can break down glycogen into glucose.

Question 26

What is the end goal of cell signalling?

Answer 26

leads to the regulation of one or more cell activities

Question 27

What are signal receptors?

Answer 27

proteins that bind to specific signaling molecules.

Question 28

What are some ways cells respond to signalling?

Answer 28

* altering gene expression, * protein activity * producing/activating enzymes * Synthesize elements/molecules to break * Activating something with an enzyme.

Question 29

How do we stop responsing to stimuli?

Answer 29

Dephosphorylating phosphates with phophatases

Question 30

Intracellular receptors- Role and where you can find them

Answer 30

Part of the first step of signalling is receptor- Can be found in palsma membrane.

Question 31

Activated hormone receptor complexes can acts as ____________.

Answer 31

transcription factors

Question 32

Complexes between signalling molecule and receptor work as _____________

Answer 32

transcription factors

Question 33

Intracellular receptors - usually work as ________________initiating ________________.

Answer 33

transcription factors, gene expression

Question 34

What is cyclic AMP activated by? What does it do from there?

Answer 34

G protein, activates an enzyme to quickly spread information