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Chemistry (shubh) > Chapter 11-15 > Flashcards

Chapter 11-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon?

Unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Single carbon bonds only

Contains at least 1 carbon-carbon double or triple bond

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

Family of compounds with same functional group whose successive members differ by CH2

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3
Q

Functional group?

A

Part of organic molecule responsible for molecule’s chemical properties

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4
Q

Aliphatic meaning?

A

C atoms joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains or non aromatic rings

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5
Q

Alicyclic meaning

A

C atoms joined to each other in ring structure, with or without branches

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6
Q

Aromatic?

A

Some or all of carbon atoms found in benzene ring

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7
Q

Aldehyde functional group and name

A

C with double bond O, H and R group

-al

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8
Q

Ketone functional group and name

A

C double bond O and two R groups

-one

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9
Q

Uses of alcohol

A

Drinks
Fuel
Solvent

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10
Q

Ester uses

A

Flavour molecules
Solvent
Fragrance

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11
Q

Order for carbon alkyl group stem name
Eg meth-
First 10

A 
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec
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12
Q

Structural Isomer definition

A

Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula

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13
Q

3 types of structural isomer and explain

A

Chain: different arrangement of C skeleton, same functional grp

Positional: functional group attached to different C atom

Functional: contain different functional grp like aldehyde and ketones

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14
Q

What is a stereoisomer/ What type of isomer s
Does it have?
Definition?

A

Has E/Z isomerism

Same structural formula but different arrangement in space

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15
Q

What is a sigma bond, everything u know about it

A

Overlap of 2 atomic orbitals (s) directly in between nuclei of bonding atoms. It is a single bond.
Known as head on overlap
High bond enthalpy/requires lots of energy

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16
Q

What is a pi bond, everything you know

A

2 p orbitals overlap above and below internuclear axis known as sideways overlap
It requires low energy to break than sigma bond, low bond enthalpy
Not possible to rotate a pi bond about its axis, restricted rotation about the double bond
It is a region of high electron density

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17
Q

How can an alkene form stereoisomerism

A

If both C atoms on either side of double bond are attached to 2 different groups

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18
Q

What is cis trans

What is E/Z

A

Cis/trans if each of C in double bond has at-least 1 attached grp the same
E: enemy so opposite
Z: zame side or same

Cis is same side
Trans is opposite side

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19
Q

Priority rules for steroisomers

A

Assign priority to atom attached to C with double bond with highest atomic number
Or first difference in chain

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20
Q

Combustion of alkane products

A

Water and CO2 or CO

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21
Q

Shape and angle of alkane

Reason

A

4 bonding region so tetrahedral structure

109.5

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22
Q

Brief explain fractional distillation

A

Short chain low bp so top column as very volatile

Separation of different length hydrocarbons

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23
Q

Effect of chain length of hydrocarbon and bp

A

London forces between molecules in close surface contact. As chain length increases, molecules with larger surface area, more surface contact possible between molecules
Greater London forces so more energy required to overcome these forces and higher bp
Number of electrons increase so induced dipole dipole interactions increase

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24
Q

Radical substitution condition

A

UV light

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25
Radical substitution stages
Initiation: UV radiation so homolytic fission of halogen forming 2 radicals Propagation: radicals react with non radicals, chain reaction Termination: radicals react with each other forming non radicals
26
Overall equation of radical substitution of methane and chlorine
CH4 +Cl2 —> CH3Cl +HCl
27
Radical substitution problems and why it is not used
Further substitution of compounds and formation of many positional isomers Cant produce one specific product and unpredictable
28
Homolytic fission? | Heterolytic fission?
Each bonding atom receives 1 electron from the bonded pair of electrons 1 bonding atom received both electrons from bonded pair forming ions
29
Which molecule goes through electrophilic addition
Alkenes
30
Conditions and reagents of hydrogenation
Nickel catalyst H2 gas Alkene gas Forms alkane
31
Test for alkenes
Halogenation at RTP Bromine water: orange to colourless As dibromoalkane formed
32
Addition of hydrogen halides method
HCl etc are gas at room temp so bubbled through liquid alkene or mix gases is alkene is gas Also in solution in water as they are acids
33
Hydration reagents and condition
Steam and gaseous alkene heated in presence of conc phosphoric acid forming alcohol
34
Mechanism?
Sequence of steps showing the paths taken by electrons in a reaction
35
Electrophile? | Nucleophile?
An atom that is attracted to an electron rich centre where it accepts a pair of electrons Species that donates electron pairs
36
What do curly arrows show
Movement of electron pairs which come from bonds, charges or lone pairs
37
Why are there major and minor products of electrophilic addition in unsymmetrical alkenes General rule of major product
More alkyl groups in either side of carbocation is more stable for molecule Major product is the one where you add H to carbon with most H attached to it already
38
What is a polymer? | Repeat unit?
Large molecules formed from lots of repeating u its of monomers Small section of polymer that repeats continuously through structure
39
Formation of polymers from alkenes | Name of polymer
Pi bond breaks and link to other molecules | It is called polyalkene/monomer
40
Why are polymers not good for environment
Non biodegradable
41
How can polymers be disposed of instead of landfill
Recycled after sorting different types of polymers and can be then remelted/recycled As fuel/incineration to generate energy Feedstock recycling: used as raw material
42
Problems of PVC recycling/burnt
HCl gas produced which is toxic
43
Sustainable ways to replace polymers that are better for environment
Bioplastic/biodegradable polymers which can be broken down by microorganisms Photodegradable polymer that contain bonds that weaken by absorbing light and start degradation process
44
Why do alcohols have lower volatility than corresponding alkane
Alcohols have hydrogen bonding that require more energy to overcome
45
Why are alcohols soluble in water | What happens as you increase chain length and why
Can form hydrogen bonding between polar hydroxyl group and water Influence of OH group decreases so solubility decreases
46
What is a primary secondary and tertiary alcohol
It is about number of alkyl/R groups attached to carbon with hydroxyl group Primary: 1 R group Secondary: 2 Tertiary: 3
47
Oxidation of alcohol reagents and conditions
Primary alcohols: acidified dichromate (potassium dichromate and conc sulfuric acid). On gentle heating, oxidised to produce aldehyde, distill setup On further heating and under reflux, further oxidised and excess acidified dichromate so 2[O] form carboxylic acid Secondary alcohol: produced ketone under reflux Tertiary: no reaction
48
How can you tell if an alcohol has been oxidised
Acidified dichromate changes colour from orange to green as it is reduced
49
What is reflux
Continual boiling and condensation of a solvent
50
Reagents and conditions of dehydration of alcohol
Heated under reflux in presence of acid catalyst Product is alkene (can form isomers and stereoisomers) and water Remove OH and H of neighbouring carbon atom
51
Halide substitution reagent and conditions
Alcohol heated under reflux with H2SO4 and sodium halide so hydrogen halide formed in situ The halide ion will react with alcohols and substitutes OH to form haloalkane and water
52
Overall equation of halide substitution of alcohols
Alcohol + NaBr + H2SO4 —> haloalkane + NaHSO4 + H2O
53
Explain nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane Conditions
Electron deficient carbon atom as halogen is more electronegative so carbon is electropositive The carbon attracts nucleophiles like H2O, OH- and NH3 Nucleophile replaces halogen in haloalkane. This is hydrolysis Heat under reflux
54
What does rate of hydrolysis depend upon in haloalkanes
Bond enthalpy which decreases down halogens so carbon halogen bond easier to break and faster rate of reaction
55
How could you measure rate of hydrolysis of haloalkane into alcohol
Haloalkane heat with aqueous AgNO3, ethanol added as common solvent as haloalkane is insoluble in water Water is nucleophile Halide ions formed and then with Ag+ form coloured precipitates depending on halogen Measure rate of formation of precipitates
56
Hydrolysis of haloalkane is faster in which? | Aqueous alkali or water
Alkali
57
Organohalogen compound uses
Refrigerants | Solvents
58
How is ozone formed
O2 with UV light forms 2 O | O2+ O reversible arrow to O3 which is ozone
59
How can you replace CFCs that is better for ozone protection What does CFC stand for
HFC- hydrofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbon
60
Overall reaction of ozone depletion by radicals
O3+ O —> 2O2

Chemistry (shubh) (9 decks)

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