Chapter 11-15

Question 1

Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation?
a. Early tissue reactions
b. Change in white blood cell count
c. Reddening of the skin
d. Stochastic event

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Upper boundary radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated with risks that are similar to those
encountered by employees in other industries that are generally considered to be reasonably safe. These industries include
1. manufacturing.
2. trade.
3. government.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following agencies was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission?
a. FDA
b. ICRP
c. NCRP
d. NRC

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following are functions and/or responsibilities of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)?
1. Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry
2. Regulates occupational exposure to radiation through Part 1910 of Title 29 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR
1910)
3. Responsible for regulations concerning an employee’s “right to know” with regard to hazards in the workplace
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 4

D

Question 5

Which of the following groups is run by the government of Japan, primarily to study Japanese atomic bomb survivors?
a. National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing
Radiation
b. International Commission on Radiological Protection
c. Radiation Effects Research Foundation
d. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase
in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses greater than approximately
a. 0.1 Sv.
b. 0.2 Sv.
c. 0.3 Sv.
d. 0.4 Sv.

Answer 6

D

Question 7

Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years
old.
a. 4.6 mSv
b. 46 mSv
c. 460 mSv
d. 4600 mSv

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Revised concepts of radiation exposure and risk have brought about more recent changes in NCRP recommendations for limits on
exposure to ionizing radiation. Because many conflicting views exist on assessing the risk of cancer induction from low-level
radiation exposure, the trend has been to
a. create more rigorous radiation protection standards.
b. reduce rigorous radiation protection standards.
c. eliminate radiation protection standards.
d. leave radiation protection standards the same as they have been for the last 20
years.

Answer 8

A

Question 9

The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to
1. inspect imaging facilities.
2. oversee the nuclear energy industry.
3. regulate imaging facilities.
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 9

B

Question 10

The effective dose (EfD) limiting system supersedes
a. all Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations.
b. all Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations.
c. the maximum permissible dose (MPD) system.
d. the Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981.

Answer 10

C

Question 11

The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between
a. health care education and radiation research.
b. ionizing and nonionizing radiation.
c. ionizing radiation and potential risk.
d. radiation dose and health care spending.

Answer 11

C

Question 12

If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a
dose below the threshold level for skin burn will
a. demonstrate this effect to a much greater degree.
b. demonstrate this effect to moderate degree.
c. demonstrate this effect to a lesser degree.
d. not demonstrate the effect.

Answer 12

D

Question 13

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) evaluates human and environmental
ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including
1. radioactive materials
2. radiation-producing machines
3. radiation accidents
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 13

D

Question 14

Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility’s radiation safety committee (RSC)?
1. Delegate operational funds in the budget for the radiation safety program
2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program
3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 14

C

Question 15

The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that
a. any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing
radiation.
b. only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to
ionizing radiation.
c. only the reproductive organs in male and female humans are vulnerable to
damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
d. no organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing
radiation.

Answer 15

A

Question 16

The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit does not include
1. exposure acquired as a consequence of a radiation worker undergoing medical imaging procedures.
2. radiation exposure from natural background radiation.
3. radiation exposure received while radiographers perform imaging procedures on patients.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 16

A

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true?
a. Medical imaging personnel almost always receive equivalent doses that are close
to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
b. Medical imaging personnel always receive equivalent doses that are close to the
annual occupational effective dose limit.
c. Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to
the annual occupational effective dose limit.
d. Medical imaging personnel absolutely never receive equivalent doses that are
close to the annual occupational effective dose limit

Answer 17

C

Question 18

Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the
annual effective dose limit of ____________ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years.
a. 0.5 mSv annually
b. 1 mSv annually
c. 2 mSv annually
d. 3 mSv annually

Answer 18

B

Question 19

The effective dose (EfD) limit for the lens of the eye is
a. 5 mSv.
b. 15 mSv.
c. 50 mSv.
d. 150 mSv.

Answer 19

B

Question 20

The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who
receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the
a. director of human resources of a health care facility.
b. designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.
c. hospital administrator.
d. radiologic technologist in charge of quality control.

Answer 20

B

Question 21

To provide a low-exposure cut-off level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible
risk, an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of ________________ per source or practice has been set.
a. 0.001 mSv/year
b. 0.01 mSv/year
c. 0.1 mSv/year
d. 1.0 mSv/year

Answer 21

B

Question 22

A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management
prerogative to
1. identify radiation safety problems.
2. initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action.
3. stop unsafe operations involving by-product material.
4. verify implementation of corrective actions.
a. 1, 2, and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 2, 3, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 22

D

Question 23

To define ALARA, health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the United States,
these levels are traditionally _______ to ______ the applicable regulatory standards.
a. one twentieth; one tenth
b. one tenth; three tenths
c. three tenths; one half
d. one half; seven tenths

Answer 23

B

Question 24

Working in conjunction with their partners in other agencies, the FDA intends to take action to
1. promote safe use of medical imaging devices.
2. support informed clinical decision.
3. increase patient awareness.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 24

D

Question 25

Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for 1. whole-body exposure. 2. partial-body exposure. 3. exposure of individual organs. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 25

D

Question 26

Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device? a. Cone b. Collimator c. Filter d. Extension cylinder

Answer 26

C

Question 27

The protective tube housing serves as a shield against _____________________ entering the x-ray tube, thereby preventing electric shock while also facilitating cooling of the x-ray tube. a. the high voltage b. the low voltage c. lose inherent filter particles d. collimator components

Answer 27

A

Question 28

If the luminance of the collimator light source is adequate, the localizing light beam will satisfactorily outline the margins of the radiographic beam on the area of clinical interest on a. infants only. b. children only. c. teenagers and adults only. d. all patients.

Answer 28

D

Question 29

When using digital fluoroscopy systems, making use of the last image hold feature can a. be an effective dose reduction technique. b. eliminate the need to collimate the primary beam. c. eliminate the need for body or part immobilization. d. lead to a 50% reduction of technical exposure factors.

Answer 29

A

Question 30

What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration? a. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the higher-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam. b. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam. c. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing all of the higher-energy photons from the homogeneous beam. d. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by removing all the lower-energy photons from the homogeneous beam.

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Depending on the area of the body being examined with a fluoroscopic image intensification system, a range of ___________ kVp is generally used for adult patients. a. 30 to 60 b. 60 to 75 c. 75 to 110 d. 110 to 140

Answer 31

C

Question 32

When performing a mobile radiographic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimal source-skin distance of a. 15 cm. b. 30 cm. c. 38 cm. d. 45 cm.

Answer 32

B

Question 33

When a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by the use of an image intensification system, which of the following benefits results? 1. Increased image brightness 2. Saving of time for the radiologist 3. Patient dose reduction a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 33

D

Question 34

Current federal standards limit entrance skin exposure rates of general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units with maximum technique factors engaged to a maximum of ________________, as measured at tabletop, with the image intensifier entrance surface at a prescribed 30 cm above the tabletop. a. 100 mGya/min b. 300 mGya/min c. 500 mGya/min d. 600 mGya/min

Answer 34

A

Question 35

During a fluoroscopic examination, a resettable cumulative timing device measures the x-ray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm or in some cases temporarily interrupts the exposure after the fluoroscope has been activated for what length of time? a. 1 minute b. 3 minutes c. 5 minutes d. 10 minutes

Answer 35

C

Question 36

To visualize smaller and lower contrast objects during interventional procedures, high level control fluoroscopy uses exposure rates that are ____________ those normally used in routine fluoroscopy. a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as d. None of the above, because smaller and lower contrast objects cannot be visualized by fluoroscopy during interventional procedures.

Answer 36

A

Question 37

When obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a foot, which of the following types of filters should be used to provide a greater uniform density of the anatomy? a. Bilateral wedge filter b. Trough filter c. Thoraeus filter d. Wedge filter

Answer 37

D

Question 38

Digital radiography systems offer several advantages over computed radiography. Some of these include 1. lower dose. 2. ease of use. 3. immediate imaging results. 4. manipulation of the image. a. 1, 2, and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 4 only c. 2, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 38

D

Question 39

Total filtration of _______________________ for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory standard. a. 1.0-mm aluminum equivalent b. 1.5-mm aluminum equivalent c. 2.0-mm aluminum equivalent d. 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent

Answer 39

D

Question 40

In digital radiography the number of different shades of gray that can be stored in memory and displayed on a computer monitor is termed a. contrast matrix. b. grayscale. c. shadows. d. pixels.

Answer 40

B

Question 41

In standard image intensification fluoroscopy, an x-ray beam half-value-layer (HVL) of 3 to 4.5 mm aluminum is considered acceptable when kVp ranges from a. 50 to 60. b. 60 to 70. c. 70 to 80. d. 80 to 100.

Answer 41

D

Question 42

Digital radiography images can be accessed a. at only one workstation at a time, thereby decreasing convenience for physicians providing patient care. b. at no more than two workstations at a time, thereby decreasing convenience for physicians providing patient care. c. at several workstations at the same time, thus making image viewing very convenient for physicians providing patient care. d. digital images cannot be accessed at any workstations by physicians

Answer 42

C

Question 43

When an exposed computed radiography imaging plate is ready to be processed, an imaging reading unit is used to scan the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate with a helium-neon laser beam. This process results in the emission of violet light that is changed into an electronic signal by a device called a a. charge-coupled device array. b. photodiode. c. photomultiplier tube. d. scintillator.

Answer 43

C

Question 44

Computed radiography, because of its higher exposure latitude, makes grid use on the pediatric population a. absolutely necessary for all radiographic examinations. b. less necessary than was previously believed. c. necessary only for extremity examinations. d. unnecessary for any examination.

Answer 44

B

Question 45

Fluoroscopic devices are capable of subjecting the patient, the equipment operator, and other personnel near the fluoroscopic equipment to substantial doses of ionizing radiation. These devices include 1. C-arm fluoroscopes. 2. fluoroscopes on stationary equipment with HLC mode used for interventional procedures. 3. biplane interventional fluoroscopic systems. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 45

D

Question 46

Of the following procedures, which involve extended fluoroscopic time? 1. Biliary drainage 2. Stent and filter placement 3. Urinary or biliary stone removal a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 46

D

Question 47

Luminance is determined by measuring the concentration of light a. at only one particular point on the field of view. b. over a particular field of view. c. at only one particular point on the field of view and then squaring the number. d. over a particular field of view and then squaring the number.

Answer 47

B

Question 48

When generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another, the most that linearity can vary is a. 0%. b. 10%. c. 20%. d. 50%.

Answer 48

B

Question 49

The control panel, where technical exposure factors are selected and visually displayed for the equipment operator, must be located a. at the foot end of the radiographic examining table. b. at the head end of the radiographic examining table. c. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure. d. behind any regular wall that has a regular glass window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure.

Answer 49

C

Question 50

Which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of a radiographic examination table to make the tabletop as radiolucent as possible so that it will absorb only a minimal amount of radiation, thereby reducing the patient's radiation dose? a. Carbon fiber material b. Formica c. Granite d. Slate

Answer 50

A

Question 51

Any image that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error during the production of the initial image is considered to be a repeat image. What effect does a repeat image have on the radiation dose received by the patient? a. The patient receives no additional radiation dose. b. The patient's skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose. c. The patient's critical organs receive a radiation dose that is 10 times greater than the initial radiation dose. d. The patient's superficial tissues only receive a radiation dose that is four times as great as that of the original radiation dose.

Answer 51

B

Question 52

During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors reduce patient radiation dose? a. Lower kVp, higher mAs b. Higher kVp, lower mAs c. Higher kVp, higher mAs d. Lower kVp, lower mAs

Answer 52

B

Question 53

When a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure, which of the following practices will minimize radiation exposure? a. Selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to be radiographed b. Opening the x-ray beam collimator shutters as wide as possible to ensure complete coverage of the image receptor c. Precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest and shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area does not need to be included in the area to be irradiated d. A and C

Answer 53

D

Question 54

According to the American College of Radiology (ACR), abdominal radiologic examinations that have been requested after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy, need a. not be postponed or selectively scheduled. b. to be postponed or selectively scheduled. c. to be postponed and scheduled at least 10 days after the start of the next menstrual period. d. to be postponed and scheduled 10 days before the end of the next menstrual period.

Answer 54

A

Question 55

Which of the following types of gonadal shielding provide maximal gonadal protection for a male patient when AP, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained? a. Flat contact shield containing 1 mm of lead b. Shadow shield c. Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead d. None of the above, because gonadal shielding is unnecessary for male patients of any age.

Answer 55

C

Question 56

Specific area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following? 1. Lens of the eye 2. Breast 3. Upper extremities 4. Lower extremities a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 3 and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 56

A

Question 57

________________________ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly. a. Thermoluminescent dosimeters b. A sequence of aluminum equivalent filters of varying thicknesses c. Lead-impregnated filters d. Molybdenum and rhodium filters

Answer 57

A

Question 58

Which of the following are considered to be benefits of an aggressive repeat analysis program? 1. Increased awareness among staff and student radiographers of the need to produce optimal quality recorded images from the start. 2. Radiographers become more careful in producing radiographic images because they are aware that images are being reviewed. 3. When the repeat analysis program identifies problems or concerns, in-service education programs covering these specific topics may be designed for imaging personnel. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 58

D

Question 59

According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is approximately a. 1.00 mSv. b. 0.80 mSv. c. 0.40 mSv. d. 0.20 mSv.

Answer 59

D

Question 60

Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs? a. Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest b. Use of gonadal shielding c. Use of a mobile protective shielding device d. Use of digital imaging equipment

Answer 60

A

Question 61

Motion controlled by will is classified as voluntary motion. Lack of such control may be attributed to which of the following? 1. The patient's age 2. Breathing patterns or problems 3. Physical discomfort 4. Fear of the examination 5. Mental instability a. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only b. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only c. 1, 3, 4, and 5 only d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer 61

D

Question 62

When a properly calibrated automatic exposure control (AEC) is not employed to obtain a uniform selection of technical x-ray exposure factors, well-managed imaging departments a. estimate technical exposure factors for all radiographic examinations. b. have the radiologist determine and set up all technical exposure factor charts. c. use technique charts borrowed from another imaging facility. d. make use of standardized technique charts that have been established for each x-ray unit in that facility.

Answer 62

D

Question 63

Neglecting to use standardized technique charts necessitates estimating the technical exposure factors, which may result in 1. poor-quality images. 2. repeat examinations. 3. additional and unnecessary exposure of the patient. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 63

D

Question 64

Reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure, but also a. increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter. b. decreases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. c. increases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. d. decreases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter.

Answer 64

A

Question 65

Because multiple bony areas span the entire body, the radiation dose absorbed by the organ called bone marrow a. can be accurately measured by a direct method. b. cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated. c. is not of concern during any diagnostic radiography examinations. d. can only be measured to a small degree by a direct method

Answer 65

B

Question 66

Which of the following are reasons for unacceptable images? 1. Patient mispositioning 2. Incorrect centering of the radiographic beam 3. Patient motion during the radiographic exposure 4. Incorrect collimation of the radiographic beam a. 1, 2, and 3 only b. 2, 3, and 4 only c. 1, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 66

D

Question 67

Which of the following are areas of the body that should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible? 1. Lens of the eye 2. Breasts 3. Thyroid gland 4. Reproductive organs 5. All muscle tissues a. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only b. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only

Answer 67

C

Question 68

Radiographers must limit the patient's exposure to ionizing radiation by 1. employing appropriate radiation reduction techniques. 2. using protective devices that minimize radiation exposure. 3. selecting radiographic exposures factors that only use low kVp and high mAs a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 68

A

Question 69

Which of the following are involuntary motions that cannot be willingly controlled? 1. Chills 2. Tremors 3. Muscle spasms 4. Pain 5. Active withdrawal a. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only b. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer 69

D

Question 70

Which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography? a. Lack of availability of appropriate pediatric immobilization devices b. Lack of cooperation of parents or guardian c. Finding imaging equipment that can accommodate pediatric imaging d. Patient motion

Answer 70

D

Question 71

In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated a. the radiographer performing the examination should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. b. the imaging department manager should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. c. the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. d. the administrator of the hospital or imaging facility should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.

Answer 71

C

Question 72

Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that damage to the newborn is unlikely for doses below a. 5 Gy. b. 2 Gy. c. 0.5 Gy. d. 0.2 Gy.

Answer 72

D

Question 73

Essentially all diagnostic medical procedures result in fetal exposures a. greater than 5 Gy, the risk of abnormality is large. b. greater than 1 Gy, the risk of abnormality is large. c. of less than 0.5 Gy but greater than 0.01 Gy, the risk of abnormality is small. d. of less than 0.01 Gy, the risk of abnormality is very small.

Answer 73

D

Question 74

Essentially all diagnostic medical procedures result in fetal exposures a. greater than 5 Gy, the risk of abnormality is large. b. greater than 1 Gy, the risk of abnormality is large. c. of less than 0.5 Gy but greater than 0.01 Gy, the risk of abnormality is small. d. of less than 0.01 Gy, the risk of abnormality is very small.

Answer 74

D

Question 75

Of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonessential? 1. A chest x-ray examination automatically scheduled on admission to the hospital 2. Lumbar spine x-ray examination as part of a preemployment physical 3. Whole-body computed tomography (CT) screening a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 75

D

Question 76

Analysis of an imaging department's repeats rate 1. provides valuable information for process improvement. 2. helps minimize patient exposure. 3. improves overall performance of the department. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 76

D

Question 77

With higher radiation exposure to the patient during a computed tomography examination, there is a. a decreased associated cancer risk because the radiation is more penetrating. b. an increased associated cancer risk. c. a negligible associated cancer risk because the radiation is less penetrating. d. an extremely large cancer risk.

Answer 77

B

Question 78

Which of the following is not typically used during a CT scan? 1. A tightly collimated x-ray beam 2. Direct patient shielding 3. Filtered back projection a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 78

B

Question 79

In CT because of higher effective energy of the x-ray beam, both ____________ and _______________ interactions contribute substantially to the image. a. coherent; photodisintegration b. classical; pair production c. photoelectric; Compton d. Compton; photodisintegration

Answer 79

C

Question 80

Which of the following are relevant dose parameters in CT? 1. CT dose index (CTDI) 2. CTDIw 3. CTDIVOL 4. Dose length product (DLP) a. 1, 2, and 3 only b. 2, 3, and 4 only c. 1, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer 80

D

Question 81

DLP represents the product of the CTDIVOL and the irradiated scan length. In what unit of measure is it usually expressed? a. mGy-cm b. mSv-cm c. mGy-mSv d. mSv-mRa

Answer 81

A

Question 82

Which of the following terms are synonymous? 1. Automatic exposure control 2. Iterative reconstruction 3. Tube current modulation a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 82

B

Question 83

A miscentering of ________ can produce as much as __________% increase in patient dose. a. 2 cm; 50 b. 2 cm; 25 c. 1 cm; 75 d. 1 cm; 60

Answer 83

B

Question 84

Which of the following terms are synonymous in relation to computed tomography? 1. Diagonal 2. Helical 3. Spiral a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 84

C

Question 85

For routine head and body computed tomography examinations, effective doses fall into which of the following effective dose ranges? a. 1 to 10 mSv b. 20 to 30 mSv c. 40 to 50 mSv d. 60 to 70 mSv

Answer 85

A

Question 86

For mammography molybdenum filters allow a (an) _________________ than rhodium filters. a. higher energy window b. lower energy window c. equal energy window d. comparable energy window

Answer 86

B

Question 87

The entrance exposure from a CT examination may be compared with the entrance exposure received during which of the following procedures? a. Screening mammography b. A routine radiographic series of the lumbar spine with five projections c. A routine radiographic series of the paranasal sinuses with four projections d. A routine fluoroscopic examination

Answer 87

D

Question 88

Tube current modulation in CT scanning can a. increase patient dose significantly. b. increase patient dose only slightly. c. help to reduce patient dose. d. not affect patient dose.

Answer 88

C

Question 89

Verifying that the center of the patient coincides with the center of the CT gantry is a significant part of dose reduction strategies that is under the control of the a. CT technologist. b. hospital or imaging facility administrator. c. ordering physician. d. patient.

Answer 89

A

Question 90

Filtering refers to changing the projection data before doing the back projections to remove the a. blurriness. b. contrast. c. grayness. d. scattered radiation.

Answer 90

C

Question 91

In mammography maintaining and enhancing subject contrast is a. not important. b. minimally important. c. of paramount importance for all patients. d. only important for patients with dense breasts

Answer 91

C

Question 92

Digital mammography units with the ability to enhance contrast with image gray-level manipulation offer a. substantial improvement for patients with small breasts. b. substantial improvement for patients with microcalcifications in small breasts. c. substantial improvement for patients with dense breasts. d. poor quality images for patients with dense breasts and microcalcifications

Answer 92

C

Question 93

During mammography, axillary projections should be done only on request of the a. ordering physician. b. patient. c. radiologist. d. technologist performing the examination

Answer 93

C

Question 94

In CT when a series of adjacent slices is obtained, some radiation will also scatter from the slice being made into the adjacent slices. What is this radiation called? a. Forward scatter b. Backscatter c. Interslice scatter d. Side scatter

Answer 94

C

Question 95

In spiral image acquisition, the patient table moves during the acquisition so that a a. single-dimension image is obtained. b. three-dimensional data set is obtained. c. four-dimensional data set is obtained. d. six-dimensional data set is obtained.

Answer 95

B

Question 96

Lower tube current is used in anatomic regions where there is ____________ attenuation because the anatomy is ____________ or _________ dense. a. increased; thicker; more b. decreased; thicker; more c. increased; thinner; less d. decreased; thinner; less

Answer 96

D

Question 97

In the early 2000s various publications calculated individual and population risks of cancer from CT based upon risk estimates from studies of which of the following groups of people? a. Atomic bomb survivors b. Early radiologists and radiographers c. Patients undergoing treatment for thyroid cancer d. The general public who were exposed to natural background radiation

Answer 97

A

Question 98

In computed tomography the dose at the edge of a beam does not decrease to _________ immediately. a. 15 cGy b. 10 cGy c. 5 cGy d. 0 (zero)

Answer 98

D

Question 99

__ is the relationship between the movement or advancement of the patient couch and the x-ray beam collimator dimension. a. Dose distribution b. Iterative reconstruction c. Pitch d. Tube current modulation

Answer 99

C

Question 100

The movement or advancement of the patient couch is known as a. optimization. b. iterative reconstruction. c. tube current modulation. d. table increment.

Answer 100

D

Question 101

Which of the following groups advocate annual mammography screening or mammography screening at least every other year? 1. American College of Radiology 2. American Cancer Society 3. American Medical Association a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3

Answer 101

D