Chapter 11

Question 1

What is a boson

Answer 1

Force carrying subatomic particle, integer spin, 4 of them make up the fundamental forces and Higgs gives mass

Question 2

Fermion

Answer 2

Normal particles, half integer spin, made up of leptons, hadrons and quarks

Question 3

Leptons

Answer 3

Elementary particles such as tau, muon, electron and their neutrinos

Question 4

Quarks

Answer 4

Elementary particles that combine to make matter, 6 other them (u, d, s, c, t, b),

Question 5

Hadrons

Answer 5

Subatomic particles made of quarks

Question 6

Baryons

Answer 6

Particles made up of 3 quarks

Question 7

Meson

Answer 7

A particle made up of a quark and antiquark

Question 8

Colour in Baryons and anti baryons

Answer 8

Must have red, blue and green in baryons
Must have antired, antiblue and antigreen in anti-baryons

Question 9

Colour in Mesons

Answer 9

Must be a matching pair (eg green and anti green) for all 3 colours

Question 10

Why can two quarks be found in the same quantum state

Answer 10

Can have different colours so Pauli exclusion principle is not violated

Question 11

What is beta decay

Answer 11

When a neutron decays into an electron, proton and electron neutrino

Question 12

State Hubbles law

Answer 12

The farther a stellar object is, the faster it is moving away from earth

Question 13

Hubble law equation

Answer 13

v = H0*D

Question 14

List the hierarchy of subatomic particles

Answer 14

Fermions, leptons and (hadrons), (Mesons and Baryons)

Question 15

How do linac accelerators work

Answer 15

Having positively and natively charged tubes after one another to give the particle a push and pull effect

Question 16

How do cyclotrons work

Answer 16

Circularly shaped, magnetic field causes particles to move in a spiral and speed up

Question 17

What is the standard model made of

Answer 17

QCD (quantum chromodynamics) - forces acting between color changes
QED (quantum electrodynamics) + weak nuclear interactions

Question 18

Name the 4 forces and their particles

Answer 18

Gravity - graviton
Electromagnetic - photon
Strong nuclear - gluon
Weak nuclear - W+, W- and Z0 bosons

Question 19

State beta decay

Answer 19

neutron = proton + electron + electron neutrino

Question 20

What is the unified theory

Answer 20

Explains interaction between 4 forces, how they muerte at high energy and break down at low energy

Question 21

What is the grand unified theory

Answer 21

Describes strong and electroweak forces as 1 force

Question 22

What is the theory of everything

Answer 22

Combines the strong, electroweak and gravities force into 1 force. (All 4 forces are 1)

Question 23

What is Hubbles law and state the equation

Answer 23

The further away an object the faster is going away
v = H0*D

Question 24

What is the quark content of a proton and neutron

Answer 24

Proton: uud
Neutron: udd

Question 25

Big bang model

Answer 25

13.7 billions years old Rapid expansion and cooling Dots on a balloon visualisation Centre of expansion does not exist

Question 26

What does it mean if the universe is considered smooth

Answer 26

It’s isotopic and homogenous

Question 27

What K value gives each effect

Answer 27

K = 0 flat K > 0 closed, sphere K < 0 open, hyperbola/parabola

Question 28

What a values causes each effect

Answer 28

a = 1 static universe da/dt > 0 expanding da/dt < 0 contracting

Question 29

What is nucleosynthesis

Answer 29

Formation of the nucleus of light elements such as hydrogen and helium

Question 30

What is the CMBR

Answer 30

Remanent electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang

Question 31

How is dark matter found

Answer 31

Due to gravitational lensing

Question 32

How is dark energy found

Answer 32

Larger than expected redshift in distant galaxies