chapter 11

Question 1

imagined communities

Answer 1

a socially constructed community, one which is imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group

Question 2

ethnicity

Answer 2

a shared historical and cultural heritage

Question 3

race

Answer 3

a category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that society deems socially significant

Question 4

racialisation

Answer 4

the process of ranking people based on their presumed race

Question 5

racial formation

Answer 5

a social structure which is organised around race, ethnicity and racialisation

Question 6

diaspora

Answer 6

the movements of different cultures and ethnicities around the world

Question 7

othering

Answer 7

a process in which groups come to define themselves through the recognition of people outside their group as ‘the other’

Question 8

intersectionality

Answer 8

connections between race, class, gender, sexuality, age, disability, etc.

Question 9

minority

Answer 9

group of people, distinguished by cultural or physical traits, who are socially disadvantaged

Question 10

characteristic of minority

Answer 10

distinctive identity and subordination

Question 11

prejudice

Answer 11

a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people

Question 12

stereotype

Answer 12

a prejudicial, exaggerated description applied to every person in a category of people

Question 13

racism

Answer 13

the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another

Question 14

scapegoat

Answer 14

person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles

Question 15

authoritarian personality theory

Answer 15

a personality type that often displays intolerance and dominance over minorities

Question 16

cultural theory of prejudice

Answer 16

prejudice is common to everyone, as such attitudes are embedded in culture

Question 17

oppression of minorities (theory)

Answer 17

powerful people utilize prejudice as a strategy to oppress minorities

Question 18

postcolonial theory

Answer 18

the wide critiques of (usually white) Western cultures that are made by people who have been colonised in the past

Question 19

discrimination

Answer 19

any action that involves treating various categories of people unequally

Question 20

institutional discrimination

Answer 20

bias in attitudes or action inherent in the operation of society’s institutions

Question 21

thomas theorem

Answer 21

if situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences

Question 22

pluralism

Answer 22

a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity

Question 23

assimilation

Answer 23

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

Question 24

miscegenation

Answer 24

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories

Question 25

segregation

Answer 25

the physical and social separation of categories of people

Question 26

genocide

Answer 26

the systemic annihilation of one category of people by another (also ethnic cleansing or eliminationism)

Question 27

democide

Answer 27

mass murders by governments

Question 28

classical model

Answer 28

encourages migration, like USA, Canada or Australia

Question 29

colonial model

Answer 29

migration has been heavily skewed their colonies, like the Netherlands, France or the UK

Question 30

'guest worker' model

Answer 30

temporary migration without citizenship, usually for work, like Belgium or Germany

Question 31

'illegal' model

Answer 31

illegal migration, people live outside society and take on the low-paying, temporary and demanding jobs

Question 32

industrial reverse army

Answer 32

a disadvantaged section of labour that can be supplied cheaply when there is sudden extra demand

Question 33

hate crime

Answer 33

violence based on race