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PSY100 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of major changes overtime

A

physical development
cognitive development
social/emotional development

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2
Q

why did psychologists think that development stopped at some point in their childhood

A

because there is a transitional point where the internal influences were becoming overshadowed by the external ones

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3
Q

what is an example of discontinuous development and continuous

A

continuous = gradual like acorn growing on a tree
discont = butterfly emerging from its larvae
- same things with some kids, they grow overtime or have a sudden growth spurt

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4
Q

what does the universal vs ecological approach on development explain

A

universal = development as common to all people
ecological = emphasizes the influence of environment and culture on their development

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5
Q

explain the development that occurs when fertilization in the eggs happen

A
  1. zygote - goes thru mothers fallopian tubes to the uterus where it forms into an embryo
  2. longer than this = fetus
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6
Q

what are the three germ layers that differentiates in the zygote

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- ecto = nerve tissue and skin
- meso = muscle and bone
- endo = soft tissue, organs, digestive tract
week 4 = CNS developed, week 7 = cerebral cortex

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7
Q

T/F errors in the eggs and sperm are more likely in older parents

A

true
- older ppl = long period of time where their eggs have been exposed to environmental influences = high probability of issues

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8
Q

what is teratogen

A

it is any agent that can produce harmful effects in the zygote, embryo or fetus
- alcohol
- prescriptions for epilepsy
- prozac, zoloft = antidepressants
- aspirin
- linked to facial abnormalities, ADHD, heart defects, premature birth
- weed

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9
Q

what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

FASD
- alcohol consumption by pregnant women
- physical abnormalities, growth, skin folded, small head circumference, cognitive and behavioral problems

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10
Q

T/F HIV can be passed from mother to child

A

true
pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding

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11
Q

male and female sex chromosomes

A

male = XY
female = XX
but sometimes their genitalia doesn’t match up with their appearences

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12
Q

what does pruning in the Nervous system development mean

A

the process in which unused or unnecessary neurons and synapses are eliminated in order to enable more efficient neural processing

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13
Q

t/f myelination increases during childhood

A

true
myelinated systems are faster and more efficient

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14
Q

how does motor development in childhood proceed?

A
  1. head to toe direction = controlling the muscles of the neck and shoulders allows 2-month old infants to raise their head
  2. at the midline - arms and fingers
    - some culture = different timeline to develop these motor milestones
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15
Q

what are some impacts on gender identity in children

A

parental and societal socialization
biology

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16
Q

what did Jean Piaget say about the development of cognition in children

A

interested in the errors made by the children than in their correct responses
- developed at distinct stages
- cognition matures as the child increasingly uses concepts and organizing schemas to think

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17
Q

what is assimilation

A

the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema

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18
Q

what is accommodation - Piaget

A

the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
- even tho some birds can fly - there can be expections

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19
Q

what does equilibration mean - Piaget

A

the process by which a child engages in assimilation and accommodation in order to make sense of the world

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20
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage

A

first stage of piaget theory
begins at birth - 2 yrs old
- here and now rather than the past and future
- sensations immediately evoke motor responses

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21
Q

what are circular reactions

A

reptitve behaviours during the sensorimotor stage
primary circulation rxns = infants own body - fingers in mouth and suck and do it again
secondary circulation rxns = other ojects in mouth that are not its own body = toys

22
Q

what is the object permanence during sensorimotor stage

A

ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
- growth in the prefrontal cortex

23
Q

what is the preoperational stage - piaget

A

yrs 2 -6
use of symbols, egocentrism and limits on the ability to reason logically
- limited by belief that appearances are real (superheros)

24
Q

what is conservation (preoperational stage) - piaget

A

the ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity

25
what is egocentrism
piaget = limitations on the ability to understand the POV of other people
26
what is the concrete operational stage - piaget
yrs 6-12 logical thinking but not abstract reasoning - fantasy from reality - they reasoned best when they engage in hands on learning
27
what is the formal operational stage - piaget
age 12 handle abstract concepts "what if" helps with problem solving
28
what do critics say about Jean piagets development theory
took a perspective from the biological and species perspective - everyone develops things at different stages (continuous and less stage like)
29
what did lev vygotsky say about cognitive development
stressed about the role of culture and their differences in the development of a child - teaches them how to think based on culture gains info and knowlegde on parents, teachers, and other members of the community
30
what is the zone of proximal development
vygotsky - tasks that the child can accomplish with the assistance of more experienced or knowledgeable individuals (parents, teachers) - child doing a difficult puzzle and a parent telling them to flip the piece around when they are stuck
31
T/F the overall rate of processing information increases as a child ages
true attention spans also increase memory (changes in the frontal lobe and the hippocampus)
32
T/F many contemporary psychologists believe that piaget underestimated the reasoning abilities of young children
true
33
what is the theory of mind (TOM)
the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from ones own cultures, beliefs, desires, intentions "Sally-anne" task she puts her ball in her basket, leaves and the ball is gone - where will she look for the ball yrs 3-4 ability to distinguish between living and non living without TOM development = autism disorder
34
what are the three temperament categories
1. surgency or extraversion - happy, active, vocal, social 2. negative affect - anger, fear, sadness, frustration 3. effortful control - the ability to pay attention and inhibit behaviour - but the environment surrounded by the child also has an impact - fearful children with gentle parents develop a stronger internal sense of right and wrong - 2 children with identical temperaments who behave the same way in these different cultures are likely to have their behaviour interpreted in different ways and recieve different responses from those around them
35
what is attachment
emotional attachment between child and parent - reinforced with food for staying near the mother (comfort, security, safety) - depends on the childs mobility - if they can walk or crawl = attachment
36
what is secure attachment
a pattern of infant-mother bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent for reassurance - interacts with strangers as long as the mothers were present - but when they are not present = crying
37
what is insecure attachment
child-mother bonding that can have many different forms anxious-avoidant attachment - avoidant = when mother returned = did not immediately approach her - anxious = never comfortable with either
38
how does cultural influence on parenting behavior influence attachement
responsive and sensitive parents = shows them that their parents are always there for them - free to explore their environment knowing that they will be helped in an emergency unresponsive and inconsistent parents are teaching their kids that the world is unpredictable and they're parents might not always be there with them = children do not explore far from the parent
39
what are the two dimensions in parenting styles
parental support (empathy and recognition) behavioral regulation (consistent discipline and clear expectations) authoritative parenting style with high support and high behavioral regulation = superior outcomes among children
40
indulgent parenting style
high parental support with low behavioural regulations - warm and loving but don't say "no"
41
authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles are associated with ___ rates of antisocial behaviour
lower
42
are those who are indigenous and in residental schools more likely to have drug problems
not associated with drug abuse associated with sexual and physical abuse
43
what is adolescence
period of development that = young adults that undergo puberty and sexual maturity adulthood = financial independence, living arrangement, marriage
44
puberty
boys = 9-12 yrs old girls = 8 but the average age is getting lower for the menstruation cycles
45
t/f the age of puberty is decreasing
true
46
what are secondary sex characteristics that occur in adolescents
hormone release, maturity in reproductive organs + secondary sex characteristics boys = muscules, larynx bigger, deeper voices, gentialia, facial hair girls = breast growth, genitalia, uterus, fat distribution and quantity
47
what is different in a teens brain rather than an adult
piaget said that brain = mature after puberty = not realistic gray matter is still developing in early adulthood - teens = misunderstanding the emotions being displayed - less activity in the frontal lobe - early maturity in the amygdala without the logical mature frontal lobe = risky behaviour
48
what are the three major stages in moral reasoning
1. preconventional morality = uses probability of rewards and punishments to guide behavior 2. conventional morality = maintains reputation and follows the law 3. postconventional morality = follows self-chosen ethical principles - evaluate laws and rules critically before complying with them
49
what did erik eriksons psychological stages say about adolescents
identity vs role confusion - who am i - failure to achieve a stable identity leads to role confusion and problems with subsequent stages = abstract reasoning as a teen
50
what is ethical identity
how an individual feels about being a member of a certain ethic or racial group - boosts self-esteem or adolescents and young adults
51
how does family relationship with adolescents impact their use of drugs
alot - more family relationship = stronger = less likely to do weed, drugs - also has lots of negative peer influence

PSY100 (21 decks)

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