Chapter 11 & 24

Question 1

Axis

X=depth

Y=Amplitude

Answer 1

A-mode

Question 2

Axis

X=depth

Z=amplitude (brightness of dot along beam)

Answer 2

B-mode

Question 3

Axis

X=time

Y=depth

Answer 3

M-mode

Question 4

What is the only display mode that provides informatoin regarding reflector otion with respect to time?

Answer 4

M-mode

Question 5

wiht A-mode, what is displayed on the X-axis

Answer 5

depth of reflector

Question 6

With M-mode, what is displayed on the y-axis

Answer 6

depth of reflector

Question 7

which mode provides the foundation for real-time, gray scale autonomic imaging

Answer 7

B-mode

brightness mode

Question 8

with A-mode, what is displayed on the y-axis

Answer 8

amplitude of the reflected signal

Question 9

in M-mode, what is displayed on the x-axis

Answer 9

time

Question 10

with B-mode, which axis is related to the strength of the reflection

Answer 10

Z-axis is related to strength in B-mode

Question 11

small probe with PZT that measures the acoustic pressure of a sound wave

Answer 11

hydrophone

microprobe

Question 12

sound beams force upon an object when it strikes it

Answer 12

radiation force

Question 13

based on the interaction of light and sound

shadowing system call a Schlieren, allows us to view the shape of a sound beam in a medium

Answer 13

acousto-optics

Question 14

calorimeter

thermocouple

liquid crystal

Answer 14

diveces that measure output of ultrasound transducers by absorption

conversion of sound energy into heat

Question 15

measures total power in sound beam through process of absorption

energy is transformed into heat

Answer 15

calorimeter

Question 16

tiny device that measures the temperature rise or fall in a sound beam

Answer 16

thermocouple

Question 17

they change color based on their temperature

Answer 17

liquid crystals

Question 18

when do we perform an ultrasound

Answer 18

when the benefits outweigh the risk

Question 19

science of identifying and measuring the characteristics of an ultrasound beam that are relevant to its potentioal for producing biological effects

Answer 19

dosimetry

Question 20

research out of the body

Answer 20

In vitro

Question 21

research in the body

Answer 21

In vivo

Question 22

mechanistic

empirical

Answer 22

two approaches to study bioeffects

Question 23

cause and effect

Answer 23

mechanistic

Question 24

exposure and response

Answer 24

empirical

Question 25

broad exposure range can be evaluated

Answer 25

strength of mechanistic

Question 26

uncertainty about assumptions are other mechanisms involved is the bioeffect clinically significant

Answer 26

weakness of mechanistic

Question 27

biological significance is obvious no need to understand mechanism

Answer 27

strength of empirical

Question 28

specis differences may alter results no need to understand mechanism

Answer 28

weakness of empirical

Question 29

thermal cavitation (non-thermal)

Answer 29

mechanisms of bioeffects

Question 30

bioeffects results from the rise in tissue temperature

Answer 30

thermal mechanism

Question 31

useful predictor of max temperature increase under most clinally relevant conditions

Answer 31

Thermal Index TI

Question 32

TIS TIB TIC

Answer 32

three forms of Thermal Index

Question 33

index in soft tissue

Answer 33

TIS

Question 34

index in bone

Answer 34

TIB

Question 35

index at cranial bone

Answer 35

TIC

Question 36

location of highest risk of thermal bioeffects

Answer 36

junction of soft tissue and bone

Question 37

maximum beam heating related to the

Answer 37

SPTA

Question 38

testicular temperature rise that can cause infertility

Answer 38

2-4 deg

Question 39

2 elements of thermal bioeffect measurement

Answer 39

temperature exposure time

Question 40

cavitation radiatoin force

Answer 40

nonthermal mechanisms

Question 41

interaction of sound waves with microscopic , stabilized gas bubbles in tissue

Answer 41

cavitation

Question 42

stable transient

Answer 42

forms of cavitation

Question 43

oscillating bubble microstreaming and shear stresses lower MI

Answer 43

stable cavitation

Question 44

normal or inertial bursting bubble shock waves and very high temperatures higher MI

Answer 44

transient cavitation

Question 45

less cavitation less pressure higher freq

Answer 45

lower MI

Question 46

more cavitation more pressure lower freq

Answer 46

higher MI

Question 47

studies associated with population

Answer 47

epidemiology

Question 48

studies are retrospective ambiguities in the data risk factors other than exposure may exist

Answer 48

limitations of epidemiologic studies

Question 49

prospective randomized studies

Answer 49

best epidemiologic studies

Question 50

forward looking study

Answer 50

prospective

Question 51

one group is exposed and another is not

Answer 51

randomized study

Question 52

AIUM limit 100mw/cm^2

Answer 52

unfocused beam strength

Question 53

AIUM limit 1 w/cm^2

Answer 53

focused beam strength