Chapter 11 Flashcards by Alana Lee

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
HEART at rest

Decrease in heart rate, increase in stroke volume, unchanged cardiac output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decrease in heart rate

A slower heart rate is more efficient because it requires less oxygen than a faster beating heart with the same cardiac output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increase stroke volume

Due to increased left ventricle volume and mass. Which Is due to reduced cardiac and arterial stiffness.
Increased diastolic filling time. Increased cardiac contractility.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac output

Remains unchanged at rest due to the balance of HR and SV

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac output at max exercise

Increased Q increases the amount of blood and allows for a more rapid removal of by products.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
BLOOD VESSLES

Increase in capillaries, slight decrease of blood flow to the heart, decrease of myocardium O2 consumption, increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle, increased number of capillaries, increased blood flow to skin and increase HDL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
HEART

Hypertrophy of the heart muscle, increase in size of the left ventricular activity, decrease in heart rate, increase in stroke volume, cardiac output remains unchanged(rest)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood vessels: increase in capillaries

Increase in capillaries results in more blood flow to the heart, which means more oxygen is delivered to the heart muscle to meet the demands of the myocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood flow to the heart at rest

BLOOD VESSELS

Slight decrease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardium oxygen consumption

BLOOD VESSELS

Decreases because stroke volume increases and heart rate decreases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increased number of capillaries

BLOOD VESSELS

More capillaries around the muscle leads to an increase in the supply of oxygen and nutrients and an increase in removal of waste products

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood vessels:

At rest and sub max

Decrease blood flow to the working muscles due to the increased ability of the muscles to deliver, extract and use oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increased blood flow to the skin

BLOOD VESSELS

Results in greater removal of heat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decrease LDL Increase HDL

BLOOD VESSELS

HDL’s remove plaque from the artery wall and delivers it to the liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BLOOD

Increase plasma volume and red blood cell volume, increased haemoglobin in the blood, decrease blood lactate concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BLOOD

increase in plasma

Assists in SV because increase in volume of the blood can fill the heart during diastole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood

Plasma volumes

Assist in regulation of body temperature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood

Increased haemoglobin

Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the working muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood

Blood pressure

Reduces at rest and sub max and has no change during max

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood

DecreaseBlood lactate concentration

Endurance athletes show a decreased blood lactate and the ability to extend exercise levels before OBLA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiratory chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
Structural adaptations

Increase lung volume, increased pulmonary function= Increase lung volume, increase diffusion (rest and sub max)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiratory chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training
Functional adaptations
Sub max and rest

Endurance athletes have lower ventilation rates compared to untrained athletes.
Oxygen consumption is the same or slightly lower

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiratory chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Functional adaptations

Study These Flashcards

Increased ventilation, increase in tidal volume and breathing frequency = increase max ventilation, increase oxygen requirements, increased max oxygen consumption.

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training

Muscle structure

Study These Flashcards

Increased aerobic capacity of slow twitch fibres, increase size of slow twitch fibres (STF are closely associated with increased capillary density surrounding the fibres

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training | A-vO2 diff

Increase in the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood by the muscles(increase a-vo2 diff) Increased size of slow twitch fibres is due to capillarisation of the fibre which increases diffusion of O2 and CO2

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training | Myoglobin and mitochondria

Increase myoglobin content in STF, increased mitochondria size number and surface area, enhancing the capacity of the muscle to produce ATP

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training | Oxidation of fats

Increased oxidation of free fatty acids. During sub max exercise: endurance athletes are able to oxidise fatty acids more readily which is beneficial because they can use glycogen sparing.

Factors that increase the ability of the muscles to oxidise fats are

Increase in intramuscular triglycerides, increase in free fatty acids and increase in oxidative enzymes

Muscular adaptations as a result of aerobic training | Oxidation of glycogen

Increase the ability of the skeletal muscle to oxidise glycogen

Adaptations that cause an increase in the energy generating capacity of the muscles are

Increase in mitochondria size number and surface area. Increase in enzyme activity and increase in muscle glycogen stores

Cardiovascular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

Increase Thickness of left ventricle wall, slight increase of systolic function of the left ventricle (eject blood more forcefully).

Cardiovascular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training Rest and sub max

Anaerobically trained athletes usually have a lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and sub max workloads compared to untrained individuals

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training

Increase capacity of the ATP PC system and the anaerobic glycolysis system, increase ATPase activity, increased glycolytic capacity, increase in the muscular store of ATP, PC and glycogen

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training | Changes that occur to the skeletal muscle

Increase in energy substrate levels, increase enzyme activity, increase glycolytic capacity (these occur in both twitch fibres)

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training Increase fuel stores allow for

Improved performance in events that require high power output

Muscular adaptations as a result of anaerobic training | Increased glycolytic capacity

Increase in glycolytic enzymes and glycogen stores = the rate which glycogen can be broken down into lactic acid is increased

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training | Neural adaptations

Increase in strength, increase in motor unit recruitment (greater force), increase in the ability to recruit high threshold motor units, increased firing rate for motor units, increase coordination of muscle movements

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Neural adaptations Increase in the ability to recruit high threshold motor units

Muscle fibres are recruited according to size

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Neural adaptations Increase in the recruitment of fast twitch fibres

And the time for which the contraction can be maintained

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Neural adaptations Increased firing rate of motor units

Results in the Increase in strength and duration of muscular contractions

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training | Hypertrophy

Increase muscle size, increase cross sectional areas of the muscle, increase In Contractile proteins, connective tissue will thicken

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Hypertrophy Increased muscle size results in one or more of these changes

Increased number and size of myofibrils, increased contractile proteins and increase in size and strength of connective tissue

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Hypertrophy Increase cross sectional areas of the muscle

Is a result of increase number and size of myofibrils.

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Hypertrophy An increase in contractile proteins

Increase the contractile capacity of the muscle

Muscular adaptations as a result of resistance training Hypertrophy Connective tissue will strengthen and thicken

Increase in tendon thickness which assists in force production

VO2 max

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilised per minute. Measured in ml of oxygen/kg of body weight/ minute. Eg 15ml/kg/min

Absolute vo2 max

Doesn't consider body weight

Relative vo2 max

Considers body weight

Haemoglobin

Oxygen carrying compound found in red blood cells

Mitochondria

Part of a cell, the site of aerobic respiration in muscles. It's role is to produce ATP

Myoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment found in muscle cells

What is glycogen sparing

Allows fats to be used more readily and earlier during performances

How does glycogen sparing occur

It results in less use of the anaerobic glycolysis system and allows glycogen to be used later in performances

Adaptations that increase LIP

The mitochondria size, number and surface area increases which increases the capability to oxidise food fuels resulting in an athlete working at higher intensities for longer periods of time before reaching their LIP

How one adaptation can cause an increase or decrease in another

At rest: the decrease of heart rate and increase of stroke volume results in cardiac output to remain unchanged

Chapter 11 Flashcards

(55 cards)