Chapter 11

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

The study of continuity and change across the life span

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

A fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both an egg and a sperm

Question 3

Germinal Stage

Answer 3

The 2 week period of natal development that begins at conception

Question 4

Embryonic Stage

Answer 4

The period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

Question 5

Fetal Stage

Answer 5

A period that lasts from about the 9th week after conception until birth
-has a skeleton and muscles that make it capable of movement

Question 6

Myelination

Answer 6

The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron
-starts during the fetal stage but does not end until adulthood

Question 7

Teratogens

Answer 7

Any substance that passes from mother to unborn child and impair development

• mercury in fish
• lead in water
• paint dust in air
• *most common = fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 8

Fetal Alchohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 8

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

• brain abnormalities
• cognitive deficits

Question 9

Infancy

Answer 9

The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Question 10

Motor Development

Answer 10

The emergence of the ability to execute physical action

-reaching, crawling, walking

Question 11

Motor Reflexes

Answer 11

Specific motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
-sucking reflex -> suck when something approaches their mouth

Question 12

Cephalocaudal Rule

Answer 12

The “top to bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet

Question 13

Proximodistal Rule

Answer 13

The “inside to outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to periphery

Question 14

Cognitive Development

Answer 14

Is the process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand

Question 15

Cognitive Development occurs in 4 discrete stages

Answer 15

Sensorimotor stage (Birth - 2)
Preoperational Stage (2-6)
Concrete Operational Stage (6-11)
Formal Operational Stage (11 and up)

Question 16

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 16

A stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy, during which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it moving around with it
-use their ability to sense and move to acquire information about the world

Question 17

Schemas

Answer 17

Theories about the way the world works

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

Question 19

Accommodation

Answer 19

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

Question 20

Object Permanence

Answer 20

The fact that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
-infants DO NOT have a sense of this

Question 21

Childhood

Answer 21

• Period following infancy
• The stage of development that begins around 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence, which begins between 11 and 14 years

Question 22

Preoperational Stage

Answer 22

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world

• child acquires motor skills but does not understand physical properties
• DO NOT grasp CONSERVATION

Question 23

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 23

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how various actions, or operations can affect or transform concrete objects

• GRASP CONSERVATION
• they understand quantity
• ex) appearence of liquid and volume they understand this

Question 24

Conservation

Answer 24

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearence

• preoperational children DO NOT grasp this notion
• they cannot make the distinction
• visual illusions for preoperational
• understanding volume, mass and concepts like these
• conservation = think of science!

Question 25

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 25

The final stage of cognitive development that begin around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts -such as freedom and justice

Question 26

Egocentricism

Answer 26

The failure to understand that the world appears different to different people

Question 27

Theory of Mind

Answer 27

The understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior

Question 28

Attachment

Answer 28

The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

Question 29

Strange Situation

Answer 29

A behavior test used to determine and child's attachment style

Question 30

Temperments

Answer 30

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

Question 31

Internal working model of relationships

Answer 31

A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them - Infants with a SECURE attachment style = they ar eceetian the caregiver will respond when they are insecure - Infants with an AVOIDANCE attachment style certain primary givers will not respond - Infants with an AMBIVILANT attachmnet style are uncertain about whether the caregiver will respond - Infants with an with a disorganzied style are confused

Question 32

Preconventional Stage of moral development

Answer 32

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primariliy determined by its consequences for the actor - punishment/reward - seen in children

Question 33

Conventional Stage of moral development

Answer 33

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules - live up to the expectations of others - obey rules - elementary school students , older children,adults

Question 34

Post Conventional Stage of moral development

Answer 34

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of moral principles that reflect core values -most adults

Question 35

Adolesence

Answer 35

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (11 - 14) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18 - 21)

Question 36

Puberty

Answer 36

The onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 37

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 37

Bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction -menstration

Question 38

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 38

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction -boobs become bigger

Question 39

Adulthood

Answer 39

The stage of development that begins around 18-21 years old and ends at death