chapter 11

Question 1

function of the endocrine system

Answer 1

• regulation

- The regulation is specific to the receptor controlled by its hormone.

Question 2

hormone

Answer 2

chemical message produced by an endocrine tissue and travels through the bloodstream to target cell receptor.

Question 3

most hormones are screwed-released by ________ from a cell

Answer 3

exocytosis

Question 4

Endocrine gland–>Adrenal Cortex major hormones

Answer 4

• Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

- Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Question 5

Endocrine gland–>Adrenal medulla major hormones

Answer 5

epinephrine

Question 6

Endocrine gland–>Hypothalamus major hormones

Answer 6

-releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 7

Endocrine gland–>Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) major hormones

Answer 7

insulin and glucagon

Question 8

Endocrine gland–>anterior pituitary major hormones

Answer 8

trophic hormones

Question 9

endocrine gland–>posterior pituitary major hormones

Answer 9

antidiuretic hormone oxytocin

Question 10

hormones cause a sequence of changes in their ______

Answer 10

targets (receptors)

Question 11

hormones also have an on/off switch to allow for concentration regulation or in other words physiological control of the hormone (feedback system)
((TRUE OR FALSE)

Answer 11

true

Question 12

neurotransmitter vs hormones and similarities

Answer 12

• neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse to postynpatic cells
• hormones travel through the blood
• similarities: receptors, a change in the target cell, regulation

Question 13

Amines hormones classification (method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

Answer 13

-composition: amino acids
-method of travel: bound/unbound
-receptor location: intracellular (protein free)/ membrane
most common example: thyroid, catecholamines

Question 14

Peptide/protein hormones classification (method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

Answer 14

• method of travel: free
• receptor location: membrane
• most common example: Insulin, ADH

Question 15

Glycoprotein hormone classification (method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

Answer 15

• method of travel: bound
• receptor location: membrane
• most common example: FSH, LH, in reproductive organs

Question 16

Steroid hormone classification ((method of travel, receptor location, most common example)

Answer 16

• method of travel: bound
• receptor location: typically intracellular
• most common example: Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol

Question 17

how a cell responds to a hormone depends on what

Answer 17

• amount of hormone

- the combination of all hormones

Question 18

Synergistic hormones:

Answer 18

Occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect
–Epi and norepi

Question 19

Permissive hormone:

Answer 19

: Occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone
–Ex: estradiol, progesterone

Question 20

Antagonistic hormone

Answer 20

Occur when hormones work in opposite directions.

Question 21

what 2 aspects of receptors themselves can be regulated

Answer 21

• number and affinity of receptors
• Can be up-regulated (increase in #) or down-regulated.
• Done to receptors of hormone or by hormone for other receptors
• Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of hormone may result in a decreased number of receptors for that hormone.***

Question 22

relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 22

• posterior pituitary is More of an extension of the hypothalamus than its own gland
• Hormone stored in vesicles in posterior pituitary???
• Action potentials trigger release by exocytosis

Question 23

2 Posterior Pituitary Hormones (synthesized in hypothalamus)

Answer 23

• both belong to the peptide class
• Oxytocin is involved in the milk ejection reflex of nursing mothers and during labor. Stimuli in the nipple and cervix send neural signals to release hormone.

-Antidiuretic hormone (AKA Vasopressin and ADH) is involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality

Question 24

Antidiuretic hormone (AKA Vasopressin and ADH)

Answer 24

• posteior pituitary hormones
• peptide class
• is involved in regulation of water balance and contracts blood vessels increasing blood pressure, stimuli occurs from changing the plasma osmolality

Question 25

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 25

- hormones secreted here are trophic hormones | - A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is called a tropic hormone (the h is dropped)

Question 26

Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary

Answer 26

The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 27

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system hormones(produced by Hypothalamus) sequence of events

Answer 27

1. Regulatory hormone controls secretion of anterior pituitary hormone Ex: TRH 2. Anterior pituitary hormone then controls the secretion of a hormone from another endocrine gland 3. The last hormone does the action on its target cell Example: thyroid releases T3 and T4 hormones to do the action intended of this sequence TRH -> TSH -> T3 & T4

Question 28

what controls the original release (hypothalamus)?

Answer 28

- Specific Higher neural pathways influence secretion - Neurotransmitters (ex. Catecholamines, serotonin) are released across the synapses to the neurons of the hypothalamus that produce the original hormones - Also the negative feedback of a hormone in the sequence: - ->CRH is inhibited with the rise of concentration of the last hormone in sequence, cortisol in the plasma. -None of the sequences should be thought of as isolated, outside factors can always influence (such as other hormones, drugs)

Question 29

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Answer 29

hypothalamus to posterior pituitary – neural input

Question 30

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Answer 30

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary, vascular link for hormones to input on the pituitary

Question 31

Relationship between pituitary and certain organ is referred to as an ____.

Answer 31

axis. - pituitary _____ axis example: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 32

adrenal cortex hormones names (3)

Answer 32

-Mineralocorticoids from the zona glomerulosa regulate Na+ and K+ balance. Example: aldosterone -Glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata regulate glucose metabolism. Example: cortisol -Exogenous glucocorticoids are used medically to suppress immune response and inhibit inflammation; can have many negative side effects

Question 33

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 33

-adrenal cortex hormone --Mineralocorticoids from the zona glomerulosa regulate Na+ and K+ balance. Example: aldosterone

Question 34

Glucocorticoids

Answer 34

-adrenal cortex hormone --Glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata regulate glucose metabolism. Example: cortisol

Question 35

Exogenous glucocorticoids

Answer 35

- adrenal cortex hormone - Exogenous glucocorticoids are used medically to suppress immune response and inhibit inflammation; can have many negative side effects

Question 36

adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 36

-Stimulated by sympathetic axons -Release Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: Increase cardiac output, respiratory rate, and mental alertness; dilate coronary blood vessels; elevate metabolic rates -connection to heart??

Question 37

the Hormone Cortisol under stress (produced by Adrenal Cortex)

Answer 37

- Stress increases secretion of ACTH, which results in increased glucocorticoid release. - The stress hormones are glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and CRH

Question 38

Functions of the Hormone Cortisol under stress (produced by Adrenal Cortex)

Answer 38

- Maintain blood pressure - vascular effects (normal and under stress) - Shutdown nonessential functions like reproduction (changes during stress) - Inhibits inflammation and certain immune responses (most common) - Complete absence of cortisol always fatal!

Question 39

Pancreatic Hormones

Answer 39

- Glucagon & Insulin - Regulate blood glucose levels, Causes an antagonistic effect (blocking)-insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing transport of glucose, it counters any activity that would increase levels of glucose. Glucagon promotes raising the glucose concentrations

Question 40

how insulin and glucagon work

Answer 40

- eat a meal=high blood sugar concentration, promotes insulin releases and stimulates glycogen formation (glucose->glycogen). insulin also stimulates glucose uptake from blood, and they both lower blood sugar - hungry=low blood sugar. promotes glucagon release, which stimulates glycogen breakdown into glucose, which raises blood sugar

Question 41

type 1 diabetes

Answer 41

pancreases no longer makes insulin

Question 42

type 2 diabetes

Answer 42

pancreases makes insulin, but their bodies don't reopens well to it

Question 43

Pineal Gland

Answer 43

-located in brain -secretes melatonin -Secretion Regulated by the hypothalamus -At this location, action potentials are released during the day and almost no activity at night. AP inhibit melatonin secretion, therefore highest levels of melatonin occurs during the night. -