Chapter 11 Alkanes Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Alkanes are [____] hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon–carbon single bonds.
A
saturated hydrocarbons
2
Q
A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, triple bonds, or benzene rings is classified as [____].
A
an unsaturated hydrocarbon
3
Q
We often refer to alkanes as [____] because the physical properties of the higher members of this class resemble those of the long carbon-chain molecules we find in animal fats and plant oils
A
aliphatic hydrocarbons
4
Q
A
5
Q
Identify the class
A
arenes
6
Q
Identify the class
A
alkynes
7
Q
Give angle.
A
109.5o
8
Q
What kind of formula is this?
A
Line Angle formula
9
Q
What kind of isomers are these?
A
Constitutional isomers
also called
structural isomers
10
Q
with constitutional isomers.
What formula is the same?
What formula is different?
A
Same molecular formula.
Different structural formula.
11
Q
Give name:
A
isopropyl
(give shape)
12
Q
isopropyl
(give shape)
A
Give name:
13
Q
(give name)
A
isobutyl
(give structural formula)
14
Q
(give name)
A
sec-butyl
(give structural formula)
15
Q
Give name
A
tert-butyl
(give structural formula)
16
Q
Give name:
A
cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
17
Q
give name:
A
trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
18
Q
Which has the higher boiling point?
A
19
Q
Identify the higher boiling point.
A
20
Q
A
21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q
Identify the type of fatty acid.
A
saturated fatty acid
24
Q
Identify the type of fatty acid.
A
monounsaturated fatty acid
25
Identify the type of fatty acid.
polyunsaturated fatty acid
26
Give name.
cis-2-butene
| (give structural formula)
27
give name
trans-2-butene
| (give structural formula)
28
Give name
trans-3-Hexene
| (give structural formula)
29
give name
cis-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
| (give structural formula)
30
cis-2-butene
| (give structural formula)
Give name.
31
trans-2-butene
| (give structural formula)
give name
32
trans-3-Hexene
| (give structural formula)
Give name
33
cis-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
| (give structural formula)
give name
34
give name
1,4-pentadiene
| (give structural formula)
35
give name
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
| (give line angle diagram)
36
give formula
1,3-cyclopentadiene
| (give line angle diagram)
37
1,4-pentadiene
| (give structural formula)
give name
38
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
| (give line angle diagram)
give name
39
1,3-cyclopentadiene
| (give line angle diagram)
give formula
40
41
42
24=16 stereoisomers possible for this structural formula
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: {{ ______ }}
Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: [[alcohols]]
51
Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: {{ ______ }} functional group name: alcohols
Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: [[hydroxyl]] functional group name: alcohols
52
Functional Groups substituent: {{ ______ }} substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: alcohols
Functional Groups substituent: [[-OH]] substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: alcohols
53
{{ ______ }} consists of approximately 90 to 95% methane, 5 to 10% ethane, and a mixture of other relatively low-boiling alkanes—chiefly propane, butane, and 2-methylpropane.
[[Natural gas]] consists of approximately 90 to 95% methane, 5 to 10% ethane, and a mixture of other relatively low-boiling alkanes—chiefly propane, butane, and 2-methylpropane.
54
{{ ______ }} is a thick, viscous liquid mixture of thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed from the decomposition of marine plants and animals.
[[Petroleum]] is a thick, viscous liquid mixture of thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed from the decomposition of marine plants and animals.
55
Even a molecule as simple as ethane has an infinite number of possible three-dimensional shapes, or {{ ______ }}.
Even a molecule as simple as ethane has an infinite number of possible three-dimensional shapes, or [[conformations]].
56
{{ ______ }} are isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different arrangement of their atoms in space due to the presence of either a ring or a carbon–carbon double bond
[[Cis-trans isomers]] are isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different arrangement of their atoms in space due to the presence of either a ring or a carbon–carbon double bond
57
{{ ______ }} are Isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different orientation of their atoms in space
[[Stereoisomers]] are Isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different orientation of their atoms in space
58
The lowest-energy conformation of cyclopentane is {{ ______ }}.
The lowest-energy conformation of cyclopentane is [[an envelope conformation]].
59
A {{ ______ }} is a tetrahedral atom, most commonly carbon, at which exchange of two groups produces a stereoisomer
A [[Stereocenter]] is a tetrahedral atom, most commonly carbon, at which exchange of two groups produces a stereoisomer
60
The lowest-energy conformation of cyclohexane is {{ ______ }}.
The lowest-energy conformation of cyclohexane is [[a chair conformation]].
61
The lowest-energy conformation of {{ ______ }} is an envelope conformation.
The lowest-energy conformation of [[cyclopentane]] is an envelope conformation.
62
The lowest-energy conformation of {{ ______ }} is a chair conformation.
The lowest-energy conformation of [[cyclohexane]] is a chair conformation.
63
Fatty acids consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and {{ ______ }} on the other.
Fatty acids consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and [[a fatty chain]] on the other.
64
Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by {{ ______ }}, in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by [[substitution]], in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane.
65
Fatty acids consist of {{ ______ }}on one end and a fatty chain on the other.
Fatty acids consist of [[a carboxylic acid group]]on one end and a fatty chain on the other.
66
Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by substitution, in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane. The products of this type of substitution reaction are {{ ______ }} and {{ ______ }}.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by substitution, in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane. The products of this type of substitution reaction are [[haloalkanes]] and [[halocycloalkanes]].
67
{{ ______ }} consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and a fatty chain on the other.
[[Fatty acids]] consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and a fatty chain on the other.
68
Fatty acids that have no carbon–carbon double bond in their hydrocarbon chain are called {{ ______ }} fatty acids.
Fatty acids that have no carbon–carbon double bond in their hydrocarbon chain are called [[saturated]] fatty acids.
69
Fatty acids with a single carbon–carbon double bond are called {{ ______ }} fatty acids.
Fatty acids with a single carbon–carbon double bond are called [[monounsaturated]] fatty acids.
70
Markovnikov's rule: {{ ______ }}
Markovnikov's rule: [[In the addition of HX (where X = halogen) to an alkene, hydrogen adds to the doubly bonded carbon that already has the greater number of hydrogens bonded to it; halogen adds to the other carbon.]]
71
Fatty acids with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain are called {{ ______ }} fatty acids.
Fatty acids with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain are called [[polyunsaturated]] fatty acids.
72
{{ ______ }}'s rule: In the addition of HX (where X = halogen) to an alkene, hydrogen adds to the doubly bonded carbon that already has the greater number of hydrogens bonded to it; halogen adds to the other carbon.
[[Markovnikov]]'s rule: In the addition of HX (where X = halogen) to an alkene, hydrogen adds to the doubly bonded carbon that already has the greater number of hydrogens bonded to it; halogen adds to the other carbon.
73
Markovnikov’s rule is often paraphrased as “{{ ______ }}”
Markovnikov’s rule is often paraphrased as “[[the rich get richer.]]”
74
{{ ______ }} reaction is a reaction in which one direction of bond forming or bond breaking occurs in preference to all other directions
[[Regioselective]] reaction is a reaction in which one direction of bond forming or bond breaking occurs in preference to all other directions
75
{{ ______ }}’s rule is often paraphrased as “the rich get richer.”
[[Markovnikov]]’s rule is often paraphrased as “the rich get richer.”
76
A {{ ______ }} mechanism is a step-by-step description of how a chemical reac- tion occurs
A [[Reaction]] mechanism is a step-by-step description of how a chemical reac- tion occurs
77
{{ ______ }} is a species containing a carbon atom with only three bonds to it and bearing a positive charge
[[Carbocation]] is a species containing a carbon atom with only three bonds to it and bearing a positive charge
78
an acid–base reaction is a {{ ______ }}-transfer reaction
an acid–base reaction is a [[proton]]-transfer reaction
79
An acid is a proton {{ acceptor / donor }} and a base is a proton {{ acceptor / donor }}
An acid is a proton [[donor]] and a base is a proton [[acceptor]]
80
an {{ ______ }} reaction is a proton-transfer reaction
an [[acid–base]] reaction is a proton-transfer reaction
81
{{ ______ }} ion is An ion in which oxygen is bonded to three other atoms and bears a positive charge
[[Oxonium]] ion is An ion in which oxygen is bonded to three other atoms and bears a positive charge
82
the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? catalytic reduction or catalytic hydrogenation{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? catalytic reduction or catalytic hydrogenation[[Carbon]] normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
83
the conversion of an alkene to an alkane requires what? {{ ______ }}
the conversion of an alkene to an alkane requires what? [[a catalyst]]
84
the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? {{ ______ }}Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? [[catalytic reduction or catalytic hydrogenation]]Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
85
{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons.
[[Nitrogen]] normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons.
86
{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.
[[Oxygen]] normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.
87
{{ ELEMENT NAME }} forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
[[Hydrogen]] forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
88
The halogens are {{ ______ }}, {{ ______ }}, {{ ______ }}, and {{ ______ }}.
The halogens are [[fluorine]], [[chlorine]], [[bromine]], and [[iodine]].
89
{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.
[[A halogen]] normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.
90
The {{ ______ }} are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
The [[halogens]] are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
