Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Question 1

What is organic chemistry ?

Answer 1

• Organic chemistry can be defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds
• Generally contain C-H bonds and C-C bonds

Question 2

Why is carbon so special ?

Answer 2

It is in group 4 which means it has 4 electrons in its outer shell and each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds to other atoms. Single, double and triple bonds.

Question 3

What is a hydrocarbon ?

Answer 3

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.

Question 4

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon ?

Answer 4

A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.

Question 5

What is a homologous series ?

Answer 5

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, differing by the addition of a CH2 group

Question 6

What is a functional group ?

Answer 6

The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.

Question 7

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon ?

Answer 7

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in straight chains

Question 8

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon ?

Answer 8

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures

Question 9

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon ?

Answer 9

Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 10

What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes ?

Answer 10

• Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
• Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
• Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond

Question 11

What is the name of the first ten alkanes ?

Answer 11

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.

Question 12

What is the name of the first ten alkyl groups ?

Answer 12

Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl, Pentyl, Hexyl, Heptyl, Octyl, Nonyl and Decyl.

Question 13

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?

Answer 13

• C=C

- -ene

Question 14

What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?

Answer 14

• -OH

- - ol

Question 15

What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?

Answer 15

• Cl / Br / I

- Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-

Question 16

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

Answer 16

• CHO

- - al

Question 17

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?

Answer 17

• -C(CO)C-

- - one

Question 18

What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?

Answer 18

• • COOH

- - oic acid

Question 19

What is a general formula ?

Answer 19

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.

Question 20

What is a displayed formula ?

Answer 20

• Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
• (The one you draw out)

Question 21

What is structural formula?

Answer 21

• Shows which groups are bonded together.

- (Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3

Question 22

What is the general formula for an alkane ?

Answer 22

CnH2n+2

Question 23

What is the general formula for a haloalkane ?

Answer 23

CnH2n+1X

Question 24

What is the general formula for an alkene ?

Answer 24

CnH2n

Question 25

What is the general formula for an alcohol ?

Answer 25

CnH2n+1OH

Question 26

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid ?

Answer 26

CnH2nO2

Question 27

What is the general formula for a ketone ?

Answer 27

CnH2nO

Question 28

How is skeletal formula formed?

Answer 28

- Remove all of the carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains - Remove any bonds to hydrogen atoms.

Question 29

How does skeletal formula work?

Answer 29

- A line represents a single bond - An intersection of two lines represents a carbon atom - The end of a line represents a -CH3 group

Question 30

How are functional groups represented in skeletal formula ?

Answer 30

- They must be added to the skeletal formula - A double bond is presented by two parallel lines - A CH3 group is shown by an extra line coming off of the carbon - A functional group is shown by a line coming off a carbon with the functional group at the end of the line

Question 31

What is an isomer ?

Answer 31

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

Question 32

What is a structural isomer ?

Answer 32

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Question 33

What is a chain isomer ?

Answer 33

Chain isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

Question 34

What is a position isomer ?

Answer 34

Position isomers have the same functional group of the molecule in a different position on the carbon chain

Question 35

What is a functional group isomer ?

Answer 35

Functional group isomers have the same molecular formula but the molecules have a different functional group

Question 36

What is homolytic fission ?

Answer 36

When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons.

Question 37

What is formed after homolytic fission ?

Answer 37

Two atoms each with unpaired electrons, they are called radicals

Question 38

What is heterolytic fission ?

Answer 38

When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons.

Question 39

What is formed from heterolytic fission?

Answer 39

A positive ion and a negative ion.

Question 40

What are curly arrows used to show?

Answer 40

The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.

Question 41

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 41

Two reactants join together to form one product.

Question 42

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 42

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.

Question 43

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 43

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.