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OCR Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

Organic chemistry, Nomenclature of organic compounds, Representing the formulae of organic compounds, Isomerism, Introduction to reaction mechanisms.

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds. Whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2– group

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4
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.

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5
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a straight chain, or branched chains, or non - aromatic chains.

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6
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures.

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7
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring.

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8
Q

What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?

A

Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond

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9
Q

What are the names of the first ten alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.

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10
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?

A

C=C

-ene

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11
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?

A
  • OH

- ol

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12
Q

What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?

A

-Cl / -Br / -I

Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-

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13
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

A
  • CHO

- al

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14
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?

A
  • C(CO)C-

- one

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15
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A
  • COOH

- oic acid

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16
Q

What is a general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.

17
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
(The one you draw out)

18
Q

What is structural formula?

A

Shows which groups are bonded together.

(Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3

19
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

20
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one electron from the bonded pair to from 2 radicals

21
Q

What is formed after homolytic fission?

A

Two atoms with an unpaired electron

Called radicals

22
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the electron pair

23
Q

What is formed from heterolytic fission?

A

A positive ion and a negative ion.

24
Q

What are curly arrows used to show?

A

The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.

25
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Two reactants join together to form one product.

26
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.

27
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.

28
Q

Where must a curly arrow start from?

A

it must start from a bond, a lone pair or a negative charge.

29
Q

what is the trick to find the total number of isomers (up to 7 carbon atoms)

A

2^(n-4) + 1

30
Q

What is a position isomer?

A

A structural isomer where, The differing position of the same function group in the molecule.
e.g. But-2-ene, its position isomer will be But-1-ene

31
Q

What is a functional isomer?

A

A structural isomer where, Differing positions of atoms give a different functional group.
e.g. But-2-ene, its functional isomer will be cyclobutane.

32
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

A structural isomer where, Different arrangement of a molecule’s carbon skeleton.

e.g. Butane, its chain isomer will be 2-methyl propane.

33
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

A stereo isomer where, Different substituents around a bond with restricted rotation.

e.g. (E)-1,2-dichloroethene, its geometric isomer is (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene.

34
Q

What is a optical isomer?

A
  • A stereo isomer,
  • Non-superimposable MIRROR images of the same molecule.
  • Is in 3D, so wedges included
  • (Basically the atoms are arranged so that its a direct mirror to each other.)

e.g. L:(S)-1-Chloroethanol, its optical isomer is R:(R)-1-Chloroethanol

OCR Chemistry (28 decks)

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