Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is the homologous series?

Answer 1

Compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group

Question 2

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

Compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

Question 3

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 3

Has single bonds only
e.g. alkanes

Question 4

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 4

Contains at least one C=C double bond
e.g. alkenes

Question 5

What is a functional group?

Answer 5

Part of an organic molecule is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
e.g. alcohols -OH group

Question 6

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 6

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 7

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

Answer 7

Carbon atoms are joined together in ring structures with or without branches

Question 8

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 8

Some or all of the carbon atoms can be found in a benzene ring

Question 9

What is an alkane?

Answer 9

Hydrocarbon containing only single C-C bonds

Question 10

What is an alkene?

Answer 10

Hydrocarbon containing at least one C-C double bond

Question 11

What is an alkyne?

Answer 11

Hydrocarbon containing at least one C-C triple bond

Question 12

What is the stem for naming alkenes with 1-10 carbon atoms?

Answer 12

1 - meth-
2 - eth-
3 - prop-
4 - but-
5 - pent-
6 - hex-
7 - hept-
8 - oct-
9 - non-
10 - dec-

Question 13

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for alkenes?

Answer 13

C=C
-ene

Question 14

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for alcohols?

Answer 14

-OH
hydroxy- or -ol

Question 15

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for haloalkanes?

Answer 15

-Cl, -Br, -I
chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

Question 16

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for aldehydes?

Answer 16

-CHO
-al

Question 17

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for ketones?

Answer 17

-C(CO)C-
-one

Question 18

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for carboxylic acids?

Answer 18

-COOH
-oic acid

Question 19

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for esters?

Answer 19

-COOC-
-oate

Question 20

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for acyl chlorides?

Answer 20

-COCl
-oyl chloride

Question 21

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for amines?

Answer 21

-NH2
amino- or -amine

Question 22

What is the functional group and suffix/prefix for nitriles?

Answer 22

-CN
-nitrile

Question 23

What is molecular formula?

Answer 23

The number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
e.g. C2H6O (ethanol)

Question 24

What is empirical formula?

Answer 24

The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
e.g. C6H12O6 -> CH2O

Question 24

What is general formula?

Answer 24

Simplest algebraic formula for any member of the homologous series e.g. CnH2n+2 (alkanes)

Question 25

What is displayed formula?

Answer 25

Shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 26

What is structural formula?

Answer 26

Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3

Question 27

What is structural isomerism?

Answer 27

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 28

How does isomerism occur in molecules with the same functional group?

Answer 28

The functional group can be found at different positions along the carbon chain

Question 29

Can isomerism occur in molecules with different functional groups?

Answer 29

Yes, some molecules can make up different functional groups e.g. aldehydes and ketones

Question 30

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 30

Each of the bonded atoms in a covalent bond, takes one of the shared pair of electrons Each atom now has a single unpaired electron Forms a radical

Question 31

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 31

One of the atoms from the covalent bond takes both of the electrons from the bond Atom that takes both of the electrons forms a negative ion Other atom forms a positive ion

Question 32

What do curly arrows represent?

Answer 32

Movement of electron pairs when bonds are being made or broken

Question 33

What are the three types of reaction?

Answer 33

Addition Substitution Elimination

Question 34

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 34

Two reactants joining together to form one product

Question 35

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 35

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

Question 36

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 36

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one One reactant molecule forms two products